cloning Flashcards
tissue culture
process in which very small pieces of plants are grown using nutrient media
what is tissue culture grown in
Petri dishes on nutrient agar
what does grown in vitro mean
grown outside a living organism
step 1 of micro- propagation of plants
cells are scraped from parent plants.
- surface of explants are sterilized using a disinfectant
step 2 of micro- propagation of plants
sterile explants are transferred to a sterile petri dish containing sterile nutrient agar
what does growth medium encourage
explant cells to grow and divide into small masses of cells
step 3 of micro- propagation of plants
each callus is transferred into a fresh growth medium that contains a range of plant growth regulators.
- causes callus to develop roots, stems and leaves forming plantlets
step 4 of micro- propagation of plants
plantlets transferred to individual potting trays and develop into plants
advantages of micropropogation
- clones are genetically identical
- commercial uses
- plants with deseriable characteristics can be produced
- ensures diseases are not imported
- preserves rare plant species
disadavantages of microproporgation
- trained personnel and sterile lab required
- plants are vulnerable to same diseases and pests
2 ways to clone animals
embryo cloning
adult cell cloning
step 1 of embryo cloning
egg cells from best cow are artificially fertilised using sperm cells taken from best bull to form and embryo
step 2 of embryo cloning
developing embryo is then split apart many times before the cells are specialized
- forms many separate embryos that are genetically identical
step 3 of embryo cloning
cloned embryos are then transplanted into host mothers
step 1 of adult cell cloning
nucleus is removed from an unferitllised egg cell