cloning Flashcards

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1
Q

tissue culture

A

process in which very small pieces of plants are grown using nutrient media

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2
Q

what is tissue culture grown in

A

Petri dishes on nutrient agar

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3
Q

what does grown in vitro mean

A

grown outside a living organism

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4
Q

step 1 of micro- propagation of plants

A

cells are scraped from parent plants.
- surface of explants are sterilized using a disinfectant

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5
Q

step 2 of micro- propagation of plants

A

sterile explants are transferred to a sterile petri dish containing sterile nutrient agar

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6
Q

what does growth medium encourage

A

explant cells to grow and divide into small masses of cells

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7
Q

step 3 of micro- propagation of plants

A

each callus is transferred into a fresh growth medium that contains a range of plant growth regulators.

  • causes callus to develop roots, stems and leaves forming plantlets
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8
Q

step 4 of micro- propagation of plants

A

plantlets transferred to individual potting trays and develop into plants

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9
Q

advantages of micropropogation

A
  • clones are genetically identical
  • commercial uses
  • plants with deseriable characteristics can be produced
  • ensures diseases are not imported
  • preserves rare plant species
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10
Q

disadavantages of microproporgation

A
  • trained personnel and sterile lab required
  • plants are vulnerable to same diseases and pests
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11
Q

2 ways to clone animals

A

embryo cloning
adult cell cloning

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12
Q

step 1 of embryo cloning

A

egg cells from best cow are artificially fertilised using sperm cells taken from best bull to form and embryo

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13
Q

step 2 of embryo cloning

A

developing embryo is then split apart many times before the cells are specialized

  • forms many separate embryos that are genetically identical
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14
Q

step 3 of embryo cloning

A

cloned embryos are then transplanted into host mothers

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15
Q

step 1 of adult cell cloning

A

nucleus is removed from an unferitllised egg cell

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16
Q

step 2 of adult cell cloning

A

a small electrical shock stimulates the egg cell to divide to form an embryo

17
Q

step 3 of adult cell cloning

A

when embryo has developed into ball of cells its inserted into womb of an adult female

18
Q

pharming

A

when a transgenic animal is clones to produce a whole herd

19
Q

what is pharming used for

A
  • produce antibodies
  • blood clotting factor IX
  • Alpha 1 antityrypsin