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Earth Science > Seismology and Faults > Flashcards

Seismology and Faults Flashcards

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1
Q

what are seismographs?

A

instruments used to detect and record earthquake vibrations

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2
Q

seismographs are instruments used to ____ and _____ earthquake vibrations

A

detect, record

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3
Q

what do seismographs detect and record?

A

earthquake vibrations

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4
Q

The reports you get from a seismograph is called…

A

a seismogram

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5
Q

Modern seismographs use sensitive _____ and _____

A

optics, electronics

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6
Q

a seismograph measures…

A

the earth’s vibrations in two different directions

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7
Q

How many directions does a seismograph measure the earth’s vibrations?

A

two

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8
Q

what are the two directions measured by a seismograph?

A
  • the horizontal movement of the Earth - Vertical Earth movement
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9
Q

Energy in earthquakes travels outward as _____

A

waves

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10
Q

What is the name of the originating point where a tectonic slip occurs?

A

the focus

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11
Q

Earthquake ______ emit outwards from the focus

A

waves

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12
Q

What are the two broad categories of earthquake waves?

A
  1. Surface waves 2. Body waves
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13
Q

Where do surface waves travel?

A

along the earth’s surface

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14
Q

What are the three characteristics of surface waves?

A
  • travel along earth’s surface - very destructive - are the last to reach the seismograph (slowest)
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15
Q

Where do body waves travel?

A

Through the Earth’s interior

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16
Q

What are the two types of body waves?

A
  • P waves - S waves
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17
Q

P waves are _______ waves

A

compressional

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18
Q

P waves can travel through….

A

solids, liquids, and gases

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19
Q

When P waves are emitted they travel in ______ directions including deep into the Earth

A

all

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20
Q

S waves can travel through…

A

any solid

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21
Q

the wave motion of S-waves is…

A

perpendicular to travel direction

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22
Q

What are s-waves called?

A

shear waves

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23
Q

are s-waves faster or slower then p-waves?

A

slower

24
Q

How is the distance to the epicenter figured out?

A
  • from the seismogram
  • by using the arrival times of seismic waves
25
Q

Which release more energy, earthquakes or volcanoes?

A

earthquakes

26
Q

In order for a rock to break it has to have ______ and ______ on it.

A

stress and strain

27
Q

What is stress?

A

the force acting on a surface, per unit area

28
Q

Stress can be a force that is squezzing, which is called ________ or it can be a force that is pulling a rock apart, which is called _______, or it can be a force that is sliding past a a rock, which is called ______

A

compression, tension, shear

29
Q

Compression is a force that is…

A

squezzing the rock

30
Q

Tensional force is a force that is…

A

pulling a rock apart

31
Q

Shear is a force that is…

A

sliding past a rock

32
Q

What is strain?

A

a rocks response to stress

33
Q

What are some rock repsones to stress?

A

it either breaks, squishes, or stretches out, or it changes shape in some other way

34
Q

As a result of stress and strain, what happens?

A

rock deformation

35
Q

What is elastic deformation?

A

when a rock bends but does not break and once the stress it removed the rock snaps back to its original shape

36
Q

Which type of deformation do we most commonly see in earthquake situations?

A

elastic

37
Q

What is ductile deformation?

A

when rocks flow or bend but do not break, and do not snap back to their original shapd once the stress is removed

38
Q

In ductile deformation, does the rock snap back to its original shape?

A

no

39
Q

What is brittle deformation?

A

when rocks crack or break

40
Q

when rocks crack or break this is called….

A

brittle deformation

41
Q

when a rock bends but does not break and once the stress it removed the rock snaps back to its original shape this is called…

A

elastic deformation

42
Q

What are the three types of deformation?

A

elastic, ductile, and brittle

43
Q

what are the types of stress?

A

tension, compression, and shear

44
Q

What are faults?

A

fractures in the earths crust along which movement is occuring and where we see a lot of stress

45
Q

What are plate margins?

A

gigantic faults

46
Q

why are there faults that occur throughout the earth’s crust?

A

becuase the earth’s crust is constantly undergoing stress

47
Q

What are the four types of faults?

A
  • normal
  • reverse
  • thrust
  • transform
48
Q

A normal fault forms as a result of…

A

tensional stress

49
Q

a reverse fault form as a result of, and in response to…

A

compressional stress

50
Q

a thrust fault forms in response to…

A

compressional stress

51
Q

the angle of a thrust fault is…

A

closer to horizantal

52
Q

a transform fault forms in response to…

A

shear stress

53
Q

a divergent plate boundary is equivalent to which type of fault?

A

normal

54
Q

a convergent plate boundary is equivalent to which type of fault?

A

reverse/thrust

55
Q

a transform plate boundary is equivalent to which type of fault?

A

transform

Earth Science (42 decks)

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