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Earth Science > Sedimentary Rocks > Flashcards

Sedimentary Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

Sedimentary rocks are formed from _____

A

sediment

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2
Q

What is sediment?

A

any broken-down crustal rock

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3
Q

Any rock that has been broken down into smaller pieces is called?

A

sediment

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4
Q

Where does sediment form?

A

at the surface where rock down

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5
Q

Can sediments be carried away?

A

yes

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6
Q

Sediments are carried away by the process of…

A

Erosion

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7
Q

What can carry away a sediment?

A

a river

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8
Q

A river can ____ ____ sediment

A

carried away

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9
Q

Once the rock is carried away it may be _____

A

deposited

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10
Q

_____ is the when a rock is deposited

A

deposition

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11
Q

What is deposition?

A

the process of sediment being deposited

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12
Q

When the sediment forms into solid rock again it can be called a ______ rock

A

sedimentary

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13
Q

The process of sediment being reconstituted into rock is..

A

lithification

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14
Q

______ is the process that takes deposited sediment and produces a whole rock

A

Lithification

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15
Q

Lithification reconstitutes _____ into ______

A

sediment, rock

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16
Q

When we say that rocks are lithified we mean that they are…

A

solidified

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17
Q

What are the three forms of sedimentary rocks?

A
  • Clastic
  • Chemical
  • Biogenic
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18
Q

What are clastic rocks made of?

A

Clastic rocks are made up of broken-down fragments of rocks

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19
Q

How do we categorize clastic rocks?

A

according to the size of the sediments that they are made of

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20
Q

We categorize clastic rocks according to the size of their sediments or _____

A

clasts

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21
Q

_____ are the constituent fragments of clastic rocks

A

clasts

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22
Q

What are clasts?

A

The sediment of the clastic rock

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23
Q

A rock made up of gravel size sediment (chunks of rock) is called either a _____ or _____

A

Conglomerate, Breccia

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24
Q

If the grave-sized pieces of a clastic rock are rounded then it is…

A

Conglomerate

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25
Q

What is a Conglomerate rock?

A

a clastic rock that is made up of rounded gravel-size sediment

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26
Q

If the gravel-sized pieces of a clastic rock are angular then it is…

A

Breccia

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27
Q

Does Breccia have angular or rounded, gravel-sized sediment?

A

angular

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28
Q

If a rock is made up of sand-sized pieces we call it…

A

sandstone

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29
Q

Are Breccia and Conglomerate made up of gravel-sized or sand-sized pieces?

A

gravel-sized

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30
Q

If it is made up of silt-sized particles it is called a…

A

siltstone

31
Q

If it is made up of clay or very fine particles it is called…

A

Shale

32
Q

Siltstone is made up of ___- sized sediment

A

silt

33
Q

Is Shale made up of silt-sized particles, clay, or sand-sized particles?

A

clay

34
Q

Which is made up of the smallest particles, Sandstone, siltstone, or shale?

A

shale

35
Q

Which is made up of smaller particles, Sandstone or siltstone?

A

Siltstone

36
Q

Is sandstone made up of clay?

A

No

37
Q

Siltstone is made up of _____ mud

A

silty

38
Q

Shale is made up of ____ mud

A

clayey

39
Q

What are the three processes that convert loose clasts or sediments into a sedimentary rock?

A
  • Compaction
  • Cementation
  • Re-crystallization
40
Q

_____ is the process by which sediments are squeezed together to form a rock

A

Compaction

41
Q

What is compaction?

A

the process by which class or sediments are squeezed together to form a rock

42
Q

Compaction ______ sediment into a rock

A

pressurizes

43
Q

_____ is the processes by which a mineral, usually a carbonate mineral, forms a glue or a cement in between the clasts that are squeezed together

A

Cementation

44
Q

What is cementation?

A

the process by which a mineral forms a glue or cement int between the clasts that are squeezed together by compaction

45
Q

Does cementation accompany compaction?

A

Yes

46
Q

_______ happens when the mineral crystals realign into a different shape and therefore a different mineral

A

Re-crystallization

47
Q

How do chemical sedimentary rocks form?

A

when water soluble-chemicals become undissolved out of the water

48
Q

A chemical is _____ if it is able to be dissolved

A

soluble

49
Q

When water-soluble chemicals become undissolved out of the water, they are said to _____ out of the water

A

precipitate

50
Q

What can cause water-soluble chemicals to precipite?

A

An environmental change

51
Q

What is the process by which

A

Precipiation

52
Q

What is the process by which minerals or rocks crystallize out of some body of water holding water- soluble chemicals.

A

Precipitation

53
Q

Once these sediments precipitate, they undergo _______ just like clastic sediments

A

lithification

54
Q

When sediment is squeezed or pressurized into a rock, it is said to be….

A

lithified, or compacted

55
Q

What are three types of chemical sedimentary rock?

A
  • a banded iron formation
  • limestone
  • salt deposits
56
Q

When the Earths oceans were very rich in iron there were iron minerals that precipitated out of the ocean. This formed what we call today a ________

A

banded iron formation

57
Q

______ is formed form calcium carbonate that precipitates out of water

A

Limestone

58
Q

_____ deposits are minerals that become precipitated out of water, usually as water evaporates.

A

Salt

59
Q

What are biogenic rocks made from?

A

plant and animal remains

60
Q

Biogenic rocks are made from _____ and _____ remains

A

plant and animal

61
Q

What are the two main types of biogenic rocks?

A
  • bioplastic limestone

- coal

62
Q

Biplastic limestone is made of what?

A

Shells and other hard parts of marine animals

63
Q

What is the most abundant biogenic sedimentary rock?

A

Bioplastic limestone

64
Q

Bioplastic limestone is formed from ______ remains of marine animals

A

lithified

65
Q

Coal is formed from _____ remains that accumulate and get pressurized over time.

A

plant

66
Q

When sediments are deposited in water they create layered ____ that give us a really good historical account of the nature of that environment.

A

bed

67
Q

What is bedding?

A

the sequential settling of sediment that leads to a layered arrangement of sedimentary rock

68
Q

When sediment is deposited and settles leaving a layered arrangement of sedimentary rock, once lithified, this is called…

A

bedding

69
Q

The boundary between two bedding layers is called…

A

the bedding surface

70
Q

What are the only type of rocks that exhibit bedding?

A

sedimentary rocks

71
Q

Bedding is when sediment is _____ over time

A

deposited

72
Q

What do ripple marks in a sedimentary rock indicate about the environment?

A

that they were formed in shallow water

73
Q

What do mud crack in a sedimentary rock indicate about the environment?

A

that the rock was formed in an environment that was intermittently wet or dry.

74
Q

What do sedimentary rocks have that no other rocks have?

A

fossils

Earth Science (42 decks)

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