Seedless Vascular Plants

Question 1

Earliest vascular plant fossils date to

Answer 1

425 mya

Question 2

Early vascular plants are called

Answer 2

aglaophyton

Question 3

Aglaophyton had anatomical features intermediate between _____ and _____

Answer 3

bryophytes and vascular plants

Question 4

Shared derived traits of vascular plants

Answer 4

vascular tissue, life cycles with dominant sporophytes, well-developed roots and leaves

Question 5

Vascular tissue evolved only in _____ of vascular plants

Answer 5

sporophytes

Question 6

Gametophytes lack ____

Answer 6

vascular tissue

Question 7

Vascular tissue allows sporophytes to

Answer 7

grow tall

Question 8

xylem

Answer 8

conducts water and minerals via dead, hollow cells that form continuous conduits throughout the plant. The Water-conducting cells are strengthened by lignin.

Question 9

Phloem

Answer 9

consists of living cells and distributes nutrients and organic products

Question 10

Sporophyte dominate in:

Answer 10

size, complexity, and persistence

Question 11

The benefit of multicellular leaves

Answer 11

increase the surface area of vascular plant sporophytes (capture more light for photosynthesis)

Question 12

The benefit of multicellular roots

Answer 12

anchor vascular plant sporophytes, enable vascular plants to absorb and transport water and nutrients from the soil.

Question 13

Types of vascular plant leaves

Answer 13

− Microphylls

− Megaphylls

Question 14

Microphylls

Answer 14

small leaves with a single vein, may have evolved as outgrowths of stems

Question 15

Megaphyllys

Answer 15

large leaves with the highly branched vascular system, may have evolved as webbing between flattened branches

Question 16

Sporophylls

Answer 16

modified leaves bearing sporangia (spore-producing organ)

Question 17

Sori

Answer 17

clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls

Question 18

Strobili

Answer 18

cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

Question 19

Homosporous sporophytes

Answer 19

producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte (most seedless vascular plants are homosporous)

Question 20

All seed plants and a few seedless vascular plants are:

Answer 20

heterosporous

Question 21

Sporophytes of heterosporous taxa

produce

Answer 21

megaspores, which give rise to female gametophytes, and microspores, which give rise to male gametophytes

Question 22

flagellated sperm

Answer 22

In seedless vascular plants, sperm must swim in a film of water to reach eggs (fertilization requires water)

Question 23

The sporophyte is ___ in seedless vascular plants

Answer 23

dominant

Question 24

two clades (phylum) of seedless vascular plants

Answer 24

Lycophyta (mosses and quillworts) and monilophyta (ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns)

Question 25

Lycophytes

Answer 25

• small herbaceous plants
• microphyllous
• homo or heterosporous

Question 26

3 Taxa in Monilophytes

Answer 26

whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns

Question 27

Whisk ferns

Answer 27

• resemble ancestral vascular plants but are closely related to modern ferns
• no root or leaves

Question 28

Horsetails

Answer 28

• bushy stems
• Horsetails have leaves with a single vein
• secondarily microphyllous (2° simplification of ancestral complex leaf) venation

Question 29

Ferns

Answer 29

• most diverse seedless vascular plants
• diverse in tropics, and temperate forests
• have megaphylls (large leaves with branched vascular systems)
• produce clusters of sporangia (sori) on undersides of leaves
• most are homosporous

Question 30

Ancestors of extant lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns dominated during the:

Answer 30

Devonian and Carboniferous (forming first forests)

Question 31

Partially decayed plant material of Carboniferous forests eventually formed rock strata called

Answer 31

coal

Question 32

Increased plant growth and photosynthesis may have caused

Answer 32

global cooling by removal of CO2