Evolution of Populations Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural selection acts on

A

individuals

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2
Q

only ____ evolve by natural selection

A

populations

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3
Q

The smallest unit of evolutionary change

A

population

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4
Q

Microevolution

A

a change in allele frequencies in populations over generations

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5
Q

Alleles

A

different forms of a gene, corresponding to different DNA sequences in each form (one allele per chromosome)

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6
Q

Population

A

a localized group of individuals of a single species that interbreed (share alleles) and produce fertile offspring

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7
Q

Gene pool

A

all the alleles present in all individuals in the population

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8
Q

Gene variation is advantageous to a population because:

A

enables adaptation of the population to the environment via natural selection

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9
Q

Phenotype is a product of

A

genotype and environmental influences

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10
Q

New genes and alleles arise by

A

mutation and gene duplication

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11
Q

Mutations

A

changes in an individuals DNA sequence

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12
Q

Mutations can be caused by

A

i) small-scale (e.g. point mutation) or chromosomal (e.g. insertion/deletion) errors in DNA
replication
ii) structural damage to DNA (e.g. radiation)

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13
Q

Sources of genetic variation

A

mutations, sexual preproduction

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14
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

can shuffle existing alleles into new combinations

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15
Q

Adaptation

A

feature or trait (created through natural selection) that provides an advantage (higher relative fitness) to an individual possessing it.

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16
Q

relative fitness

A

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals

17
Q

Three modes of natural selection

A

directional selection, disruptive selection, stabilizing selection

18
Q

Directional selection

A

favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range and occurs in response to consistent selective pressure

19
Q

Disruptive selection

A

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range (results in 2 or more divergent phenotypes)

20
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

favors intermediate or common variants (mean of the population stays the same and variation of the population decreases)

21
Q

Factor that alter allele frequencies in populations

A

natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow

22
Q

Genetic drift

A

random changes in allele frequency in a population and is more likely in small populations

23
Q

Genetic drift does not create

A

evolutionary adaptations

24
Q

Examples of genetic drift

A

bottleneck effect, founder effect

25
Q

Rare alleles are more likely lost due to

A

genetic drift

26
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment and allele frequency in the next generation is different than the previous generation

27
Q

Founder effect

A

occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population which has a small fraction of the total gene pool present in the original population

28
Q

Key points of genetic drift

A
  1. Genetic drift has the greatest impact in small populations.
  2. Genetic drift causes allele frequencies to change at random.
  3. Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations.
  4. Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed.
29
Q

Gene flow

A

gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations of the same species (by fertile individuals or games like pollen)

30
Q

Gene flow reduces ___ between populations over time

A

reduces variation

31
Q

Gene flow can ____ the fitness of a population

A

increase/decrease

32
Q

Neutral variation

A

genetic variation that does not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage

33
Q

Genetic variation in populations is maintained by

A

Mutation.
− Recombination (crossing-over of chromosomes during meiosis).
− Independent assortment (of alleles) during meiosis.
− Random mating between organisms (sexual reproduction).
− Random fertilization (sexual reproduction).
− Recessive alleles are hidden from selection in heterozygote individuals.
− Disruptive selection (natural selection).
− Gene flow (between populations).
− Balancing selection.

34
Q

Balancing selection

A

occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more alleles in a population

35
Q

Mechanisms of balancing selection

A

− Heterozygote advantage

− Frequency-dependent selection

36
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

occurs when heterozygotes have higher fitness than do bot homozygotes

37
Q

example of Heterozygote advantage

A

sickle cell disease

38
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

the fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too abundant in the population where the rare genotype has a selective advantage