Evolution of land plants

Question 1

When did colonization of land by plants happen

Answer 1

500 mya

Question 2

Plants

Answer 2

multicellular, photosynthetic (photoautotrophic) eukaryotes

Question 3

Plant cell walls are made of

Answer 3

cellulose

Question 4

Plants contain chlorophyll _ and _

Answer 4

a and b

Question 5

Plants store photosynthetic sugars in

Answer 5

plastids

Question 6

Plants have life cycles with

Answer 6

alternation of generation

Question 7

Closest living relative of land plants

Answer 7

charophytes (freshwater green algae)

Question 8

Key traits plants share with charophytes

Answer 8

rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins, homologous structures of flagellated sperm, and phragmoplast formation during cell division (mitosis)

Question 9

Phragmoplast formation during

cell division helps

Answer 9

construct a cell wall plate that fuses with the original cell wall, separating the two daughter cells

Question 10

Kingdom Plantae is defined by clade ____

Answer 10

embryophytes (plants with embryos)

Question 11

Moving onto land provided:

Answer 11

decreased competition, increased photosynthesis, atmosphere full of CO2, mineral-rich soils

Question 12

Challenges to living on land

Answer 12

scarcity of water, lack of structural support to support upright growth

Question 13

Adaptations enabling the colonization of land

Answer 13

sporopollenin, adaptations to conserve water, lignified vascular support tissue for internal transport, functional compartmentalization in terrestrial plants

Question 14

Sporopollenin

Answer 14

complex, highly cross-linked polymer composed of C, H, and O that are resistant to degradation by enzymes and inorganic chemicals. It is a polymer secreted in the zygote cell wall and protect them from desiccation, UV light, stress

Question 15

Sporopollenin is found in

Answer 15

cell walls of spores and pollen of plants

Question 16

Adaptations of water conservation

Answer 16

waxy cuticle (reduces desiccation and protects from microbes) and stomata (allows for gas/water exchange between air and leaf)

Question 17

Xylem cells

Answer 17

carry water and minerals up from roots which are strengthened by lignin

Question 18

Phloem cells

Answer 18

distribute organic products

Question 19

Lignified vascular tissue provides

Answer 19

rigidity supporting vertical growth and water transport that allows plants to grow in dry environments

Question 20

roots functions

Answer 20

search for water & minerals underground

Question 21

shoots functions

Answer 21

Search for light and gases aboveground

Question 22

Alternation of generations evolved in

land plants by the addition of

Answer 22

a diploid

sporophyte generation

Question 23

placental transfer cells

Answer 23

Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo using these cells

Question 24

A multicellular embryo is retained in

Answer 24

the tissues of the female gametophyte

Question 25

sporangia

Answer 25

organs in the sporophyte that produce spores

Question 26

Sporocytes undergo _____ to generate haploid spores

Answer 26

meiosis

Question 27

sporopollenin

Answer 27

a spore wall component that makes them resistant to harsh environments, esp. desiccation resistant.

Question 28

Multicellular gametangia

Answer 28

plant gametophytes produced gametes by mitosis within multicellular organs

Question 29

______ do not have gametangia, but still produce gametes

Answer 29

flowering plants (angiosperms)

Question 30

archegonia

Answer 30

female gametangia that produce eggs and are the site of fertilization

Question 31

antheridia

Answer 31

male gametangia that produce and release sperm

Question 32

Apical meristems

Answer 32

are localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots

Question 33

Specialized epidermal cells for water conservation

Answer 33

cuticle and stomata

Question 34

cuticle

Answer 34

waxy covering of epidermis that reduces water loss and protects from microbial attack.

Question 35

stomata

Answer 35

cells that open/close to prevent water loss

Question 36

Mycorrhizae

Answer 36

symbiotic associations between fungi and roots of land plants

Question 37

Fossil evidence indicates that | plants were on land at least ___

Answer 37

470 mya

Question 38

Land plants are grouped based on

Answer 38

presence or absence of vascular tissue

Question 39

bryophytes

Answer 39

Nonvascular plants (non a monophyletic group)

Question 40

three clades of vascular plants

Answer 40

lycophytes (mosses and relatives), monilophytes (ferns and relatives), and seed plants

Question 41

Seedless vascular plants are _____

Answer 41

paraphyletic

Question 42

Seed plants

Answer 42

embryos and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

Question 43

two clades of seed plants

Answer 43

gymnosperms (naked seed) and angiosperms (flowering plants)