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BIOLOGY 108 > BIOL Topic 2 > Flashcards

BIOL Topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the first prokaryote form

A

3.5 bya

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2
Q

The first organisms were likely

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

Domains Archaea and Bacteria form distinct branches but inherited simple prokaryotic cell organization from _____

A

a common ancestor

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4
Q

Why do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryote cells are small (0.5 - 5 µm) and unicellular, diffusion limits the size in prokaryotic cells, have circular genomes (lack a nucleus), and lack membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

Structural and functional adaptations that contribute to the prokaryotic success

A

cell surface structures, endospores, mobility, simple internal organization and DNA, and reproduction

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6
Q

Cell wall

A

maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment (lower solute concentrations than cell contents)

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7
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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8
Q

Bacterial cell walls contain

A

peptidoglycan

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9
Q

Archea cell walls contain polysaccharides and proteins but lack _____

A

peptidoglycan

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10
Q

peptidoglycan

A

a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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11
Q

Gram Stain

A

Can be used to classify bacteria by cell wall composition

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12
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

have simpler walls with large amount of external-facing peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

have less peptidoglycan and an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane

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14
Q

Lipopolysaccharide outer membrane

can contain toxins that _____

A

resist antibiotics

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15
Q

Capsule

A

a sticky polysaccharide/protein layer that surrounds prokaryotes

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16
Q

Capsules adhere to

A

cells and other surfaces

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17
Q

Biofilms

A

communities of cells in a slimy extracellular

matrix

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18
Q

Capsules retain ___ protecting the cells against desiccation

A

water

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19
Q

fimbriae

A

hair like appendages that help cells adhere to a substrate or other individuals in a colony

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20
Q

Pili

A

are longer than fimbrae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

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21
Q

Endospores

A

Endospores are small, rounded, resting
cells that form inside some prokaryotes
when conditions become unfavorable

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22
Q

Endospores have a tough coat that is:

A

resistant to UV light, chemicals, heat, high salt, and extreme pH

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23
Q

Endospore formation is induced by
_______, such as an increase
in heat or lack of nutrients. Endospores remain dormant until environmental conditions are suitable for ____

A

environmental stress, growth

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24
Q

About ____ of known prokaryotes are motile

A

half

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25
Q

Most motile prokaryotes propel

themselves by:

A

flagella

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26
Q

Taxes

A

The ability to move toward or away from a
stimulus, e.g. positive phototaxis is
the movement towards light (most prokaryotes exhibit this

27
Q

Prokaryotic cells usually lack:

A

complex compartmentalization, membrane-bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast)

28
Q

Example of a prokaryote that have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions:

A

Thylakoid membranes in cyanobacteria

29
Q

Prokaryotes have small genomes consisting of:

A

single circular chromosomes that are enclosed in the nucleoid region

30
Q

Plasmids

A

small rings of DNA containing a few extra genes (some species of bacteria also have these)

31
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce by

A

binary fission (asexual reproduction)

32
Q

Binary fission process:

A
  1. DNA replicates
  2. Cell elongates itself
  3. cell splits into two (daughter cells are identical)
33
Q

Factors contributing to prokaryote genetic diversity

A

rapid reproduction, mutations, genetic recombination

34
Q

Genetic recombination

A

combining DNA from two sources and contributes to genetic diversity

35
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

movement of genes among individuals from different species

36
Q

Genetic recombination of prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can occur by

A

transformation, transduction, and conjugation

37
Q

Transformation

A

uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA

from the surrounding environment

38
Q

Transduction

A

the transfer of a portion of DNA between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that
infect bacteria)

39
Q

Conjugation

A

occurs when genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells through direct contact (a donor cells transfers DNA to a recipient cell) which can recombine with the bacterial chromosome of the recipient cell

40
Q

____ are often trasferred during conjugation

A

plasmids

41
Q

Plasmids ofte carry _____ resistance ans is why horizontal gene transfer is one reason why antibiotic resistance spreads so quickly

A

antibiotic

42
Q

Types of sources of energy for prokaryotes

A
  1. light (phototrophs)

2. from chemicals (chemotrophs)

43
Q

Two types of sources of carbon for prokaryotes

A
  1. inorganic molecules such as CO2 (autotrophs)

2. organic substrates (heterotrophs)

44
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

require O2 for cellular respiration

45
Q

Obligate anaerobics

A

are poisoned by O2 and use termination or anaerobic respiration

46
Q

Facultative anaerobic

A

can survive with or without O2

47
Q

biological nitrogen fixation

A

some bacteria and methanogens use this process to convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

48
Q

Nitrogen is needed for

A

production of amino acids and nucleic acids, obtain N from a limited range of N-containing compound

49
Q

two lineages of prokaryotes

A

domain bacteria and domain eukaria

50
Q

______ include the vast majority of familiar prokaryotic species

A

bacteria

51
Q

5 types of bacteria

A

alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and Epsilon

52
Q

Proteobacteria

A

a large and metabolically diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria with 5 sub-lineages (alpha to epsilon)

53
Q

Alpha

A

(proterobacteria) many are closely associated with aeukaryotic cells

54
Q

hypothesized that mitochondria of eukaryotes evolved from:

A

aerobic alpha proteobacteria through endosymbiosis

55
Q

Gamma and epsilon proteobacteria

include

A

pathogens

56
Q

Chlamydias

A

parasites that live within animal cells. They lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls

57
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

produce O2 through phototrophy

58
Q

Domain Archea shares ____ with bacteria

A

simple prokaryotic cell organization inherited from a common ancestor

59
Q

Archea thrives where:

A

energy availabe for growth is too limited to support bacteria or Eukariotes

60
Q

Subdomain Bacteria is divided into 5 clades:

A

Euryarchaeotes, Thaumarchaeotes, Aigarchaeotes, Crenarchaeotes, and Korarchaeotes

61
Q

Methanogens

A

archea that lives in anoxic habitats like marshes and swamps and produces methane as a waste product

62
Q

Extreme Halophiles

A

live in highly saline environments

63
Q

Extreme thermophiles

A

archea that thrives in very hot environments

64
Q

Prokaryotes often form ____ relationships with larger organisms

A

symbiotic

BIOLOGY 108 (19 decks)

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