Gymnospores

Question 1

Seed plants are called

Answer 1

gymnosperms

Question 2

the most dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems

Answer 2

seed-bearing plants

Question 3

A seed consists of

Answer 3

an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

Question 4

Shared derived traits of seed plants

Answer 4

1. reduced gametophytes
2. heterospory
3. ovules
4. pollen
5. seeds

Question 5

Gametophytes of seed plants develop by

Answer 5

they develop within cell walls of spores that are retained within tissues of parent sporophyte

Question 6

Sporophyte in non-vascular plants:

Answer 6

independent, dominant gametophyte; sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte

Question 7

Sporophyte in seedless vascular plants

Answer 7

dominant sporophyte, but gametophyte still independent

Question 8

Sporophyte in seed plants

Answer 8

sporophyte dominant and independent; gametophyte microscopic and dependent on the sporophyte

Question 9

Trend: progressive ___ in size and

independence of the gametophyte, and the ___ role of the sporophyte

Answer 9

reduction, increasing

Question 10

All seed plants are ___ while most seedless plants are homosporous

Answer 10

heterosporous

Question 11

Heterosporous plants

Answer 11

produce two sizes of spores

Question 12

two sizes of spores

Answer 12

megaspores and microspores

Question 13

Microsporangia produce

Answer 13

microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

Question 14

Megasporangia produce

Answer 14

megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

Question 15

Spores are ___ dispersed in seed plants

Answer 15

not

Question 16

Ovule

Answer 16

consists of a megasporangium (2n), megaspore (1n), and one or more protective integuments (2n). Ovules develop into seeds after fertilization

Question 17

The megasporangium (2n) produces a megaspore (1n) via

Answer 17

meiosis

Question 18

Is the megaspore dispersed?

Answer 18

no

Question 19

Pollination triggers:

Answer 19

development of female (mega) gametophyte (1n)

Question 20

Microspores develop into

Answer 20

male gametophytes, which are contained

within pollen grains

Question 21

Pollen grains are coated with

Answer 21

sporopollenin (withstands desiccation, damage, UV)

Question 22

Microsporangium (2n) produces microspores (1n) via

Answer 22

meiosis

Question 23

Microspores develop into:

Answer 23

pollen grain

Question 24

Microspores undergo mitosis to

produce

Answer 24

tiny male gametophytes (1n)

Question 25

Pollen grain contains ___ that develops within the spore wall

Answer 25

male gametophyte

Question 26

Each male gametophyte has:

Answer 26

a generative cell and a tube cell

Question 27

generative cell

Answer 27

become sperm nuclei after pollination

Question 28

tube cell

Answer 28

becomes sperm pollen tube after pollination

Question 29

Pollen eliminates the need for

Answer 29

water for fertilization

Question 30

Pollination

Answer 30

the transfer of pollen to part of a seed plant containing ovules

Question 31

What happens if a pollen grain germinates

Answer 31

it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two sperm nuclei into female gametophyte within the ovule

Question 32

A seed develops from the

Answer 32

whole ovule

Question 33

A fertilized seed develops into

Answer 33

seed containing next generation sporophyte

Question 34

In seed plants, fertilization is ____ of water

Answer 34

independant

Question 35

Male gametophyte transported in ___ through the air to the female gametophyte (sperm not released into the environment)

Answer 35

pollen

Question 36

Two living clades of seed plants

Answer 36

gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 37

Gymnosperms

Answer 37

“naked seed” plants

Question 38

Angiosperms

Answer 38

flowering plants

Question 39

Angiosperms seeds are enclosed in:

Answer 39

fruits, which are mature ovaries

Question 40

first seed plants appear in the fossil | record

Answer 40

gymnosperms (360 mya)

Question 41

Gymnosperms dominated

Answer 41

Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems (were better adapted to dry conditions)

Question 42

Angiosperms began to replace gymnosperms near the end of

Answer 42

the Mesozoic

Question 43

conifers

Answer 43

cone-bearing gymnosperms which dominate northern altitudes

Question 44

4 Phyla of Gymnosperms

Answer 44

Cycadophyta, gingkophyta, gnetophyta, and coniferophyta

Question 45

Living gymnosperms for a ____ group

Answer 45

monipholetic

Question 46

Cycads produce ___ leaves on ____ stems

Answer 46

large palm-like leaves, stout, | unbranched stems.

Question 47

Cycad cones

Answer 47

They have large cones on separate male and female sporophytes (insect pollinated

Question 48

Clades that have flagellated sperm

Answer 48

cycads and ginkgos

Question 49

Living species of Ginkgo

Answer 49

Ginkgo biloba

Question 50

Ginkgo biloba traits

Answer 50

Distinctive bi-lobed leaves, separate male and female sporophyte trees, wind-pollinated and flagellated sperm,

Question 51

3 genera of Gnetophyta phylum

Answer 51

Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia

Question 52

Coniferophyta traits

Answer 52

- woody shrubs or trees - wind-pollinated - evergreens and carry out photosynthesis year-round - adapt to cold dry habitats

Question 53

How conifers are adapt to cold climate

Answer 53

- Xylem is resistant to collapse following freezing. | − Leaves with thick waxy epidermis; reduced leaf surface area; leaf retention

Question 54

Key features of gymnosperm life cycle

Answer 54

- The dominance of the sporophyte generation - development of seeds from fertilized ovules - the transfer of male gametophyte to ovules by pollen