Gymnospores Flashcards

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1
Q

Seed plants are called

A

gymnosperms

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2
Q

the most dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems

A

seed-bearing plants

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3
Q

A seed consists of

A

an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

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4
Q

Shared derived traits of seed plants

A
  1. reduced gametophytes
  2. heterospory
  3. ovules
  4. pollen
  5. seeds
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5
Q

Gametophytes of seed plants develop by

A

they develop within cell walls of spores that are retained within tissues of parent sporophyte

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6
Q

Sporophyte in non-vascular plants:

A

independent, dominant gametophyte; sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte

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7
Q

Sporophyte in seedless vascular plants

A

dominant sporophyte, but gametophyte still independent

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8
Q

Sporophyte in seed plants

A

sporophyte dominant and independent; gametophyte microscopic and dependent on the sporophyte

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9
Q

Trend: progressive ___ in size and

independence of the gametophyte, and the ___ role of the sporophyte

A

reduction, increasing

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10
Q

All seed plants are ___ while most seedless plants are homosporous

A

heterosporous

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11
Q

Heterosporous plants

A

produce two sizes of spores

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12
Q

two sizes of spores

A

megaspores and microspores

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13
Q

Microsporangia produce

A

microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

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14
Q

Megasporangia produce

A

megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

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15
Q

Spores are ___ dispersed in seed plants

A

not

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16
Q

Ovule

A

consists of a megasporangium (2n), megaspore (1n), and one or more protective integuments (2n). Ovules develop into seeds after fertilization

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17
Q

The megasporangium (2n) produces a megaspore (1n) via

A

meiosis

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18
Q

Is the megaspore dispersed?

A

no

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19
Q

Pollination triggers:

A

development of female (mega) gametophyte (1n)

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20
Q

Microspores develop into

A

male gametophytes, which are contained

within pollen grains

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21
Q

Pollen grains are coated with

A

sporopollenin (withstands desiccation, damage, UV)

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22
Q

Microsporangium (2n) produces microspores (1n) via

A

meiosis

23
Q

Microspores develop into:

A

pollen grain

24
Q

Microspores undergo mitosis to

produce

A

tiny male gametophytes (1n)

25
Q

Pollen grain contains ___ that develops within the spore wall

A

male gametophyte

26
Q

Each male gametophyte has:

A

a generative cell and a tube cell

27
Q

generative cell

A

become sperm nuclei after pollination

28
Q

tube cell

A

becomes sperm pollen tube after pollination

29
Q

Pollen eliminates the need for

A

water for fertilization

30
Q

Pollination

A

the transfer of pollen to part of a seed plant containing ovules

31
Q

What happens if a pollen grain germinates

A

it gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two sperm nuclei into female gametophyte within the ovule

32
Q

A seed develops from the

A

whole ovule

33
Q

A fertilized seed develops into

A

seed containing next generation sporophyte

34
Q

In seed plants, fertilization is ____ of water

A

independant

35
Q

Male gametophyte transported in
___ through the air to the
female gametophyte (sperm not
released into the environment)

A

pollen

36
Q

Two living clades of seed plants

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

37
Q

Gymnosperms

A

“naked seed” plants

38
Q

Angiosperms

A

flowering plants

39
Q

Angiosperms seeds are enclosed in:

A

fruits, which are mature ovaries

40
Q

first seed plants appear in the fossil

record

A

gymnosperms (360 mya)

41
Q

Gymnosperms dominated

A

Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems (were better adapted to dry conditions)

42
Q

Angiosperms began to replace gymnosperms near the end of

A

the Mesozoic

43
Q

conifers

A

cone-bearing gymnosperms which dominate northern altitudes

44
Q

4 Phyla of Gymnosperms

A

Cycadophyta, gingkophyta, gnetophyta, and coniferophyta

45
Q

Living gymnosperms for a ____ group

A

monipholetic

46
Q

Cycads produce ___ leaves on ____ stems

A

large palm-like leaves, stout,

unbranched stems.

47
Q

Cycad cones

A

They have large cones on separate male and female sporophytes (insect pollinated

48
Q

Clades that have flagellated sperm

A

cycads and ginkgos

49
Q

Living species of Ginkgo

A

Ginkgo biloba

50
Q

Ginkgo biloba traits

A

Distinctive bi-lobed leaves, separate male and female sporophyte trees, wind-pollinated and flagellated sperm,

51
Q

3 genera of Gnetophyta phylum

A

Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia

52
Q

Coniferophyta traits

A
  • woody shrubs or trees
  • wind-pollinated
  • evergreens and carry out photosynthesis year-round
  • adapt to cold dry habitats
53
Q

How conifers are adapt to cold climate

A
  • Xylem is resistant to collapse following freezing.

− Leaves with thick waxy epidermis; reduced leaf surface area; leaf retention

54
Q

Key features of gymnosperm life cycle

A
  • The dominance of the sporophyte generation
  • development of seeds from fertilized ovules
  • the transfer of male gametophyte to ovules by pollen