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BIOLOGY 108 > Angiosperms 2 > Flashcards

Angiosperms 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pollination by water

A

rare and Pollen floats on the water’s surface drifting until it contacts flowers

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2
Q

Wind pollinated species release a ___ amount of pollen

A

large

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3
Q

Most angiosperm species reply on

A

animals for pollination

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4
Q

The ____ of floral morphology is related to the modules of pollination

A

morphology

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5
Q

__ are the most important insect pollinators

A

bees

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6
Q

Coevolution

A

the joint evolution of interacting species in response to selection imposed on each other

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7
Q

The shapes and sizes of flowers often correspond to

A

pollen transporting parts of their animal pollinators

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8
Q

Plants evolve

A

more elaborate methods to attract animal pollinators

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9
Q

Animals evolve

A

more specialized body parts and behaviors to obtain the reward (nectar, pollen)

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10
Q

Darwin’s orchid

A

Moth-pollinated plant with “nectar spurs” or tubes that are the exact length of the hawkmoth tongue

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11
Q

Asexual reproduction results in a

A

clone of the genetically identical organisms (called vegetative reproduction)

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12
Q

Fragmentation

A

separation of parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants

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13
Q

Apomixis

A

the sexual reproduction of seeds from a diploid cell

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14
Q

Asexual reproduction can be beneficial to

A

successful plants in stable environments

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15
Q

Sexual reproduction generates

A

genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible

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16
Q

Some flowers can _____ to ensure every ovule will develop into a seed

A

self-fertilize

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17
Q

Self-fertilization

A

pollination occurs in the same flower or between flowers in the same plant

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18
Q

Self-compatible is advantageous when

A

when plants are isolated or pollinators are rare

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19
Q

Self-incompatible

A

pollination of the same or a closely related individual does not lead to fertilization

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20
Q

__ of angiosperm species are self-incompatible

A

50%

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21
Q

Self-fertilization is prevented by

A

genetic mechanisms, and structural mechanisms

22
Q

genetic mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization

A

Recognition of pollen with identical or near-identical alleles of self-incompatible genes triggers signaling pathways that lead to the blocking of pollen tube growth

23
Q

Structural mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization

A

incomplete flowers reduce self-fertilization

24
Q

incomplete flowers in self-fertilization

A

Incomplete flowers lack one or more floral organs,

e.g. stamens or carpels

25
Q

types of incomplete flowers

A

monoecious and dioecious

26
Q

monoecious

A

male and female flowers on the same

individual plant

27
Q

dioecious

A

male and female flowers on different individual

plants

28
Q

Huge adaptive radiation of angiosperms occurred in the

A

cretaceous

29
Q

How angiosperms have contributed to rapid adaptive radiation

A

modified xylem vessels, high rate of speciation, and quick reproduction

30
Q

Modified xylem vessels

A

support higher rates of transpiration, which permits high rates of photosynthesis and growth

31
Q

High rates of speciation

A

coevolution of plants and pollinators causes rapid divergence between plant populations, leading to speciation.

32
Q

How angiosperms can reproduce so quickly

A

small female gametophyte with less use of resources; no development of seed storage reserves (endosperm) without double fertilization

33
Q

Rapid reproduction allowed angiosperms to

A

diversify into short-lived habitats, e.g. annual species that reproduce quickly

34
Q

Ancestors of angiosperms and gymnosperms diverged about ____

A

305 mya

35
Q

Bennettitales

A

extinct seed plants with flower-like structures that may have been related to angiosperms

36
Q

amborella

A

living basal species of flowering plants

37
Q

Amborella traits

A

mixed pollination, replying on both insect pollinators and wind, Incomplete flowers with parts in whorls of 5-13 (more derived angiosperms have fixed numbers of flower parts), Flowers have undifferentiated petals, Xylem tissue resembles gymnosperms, Egg formation in Amborella resembles that of gymnosperms, Ovules enclosed by two integuments (one in gymnosperms)

38
Q

Angiosperms divided into two main groups

A

monocots and dicots

39
Q

Monocots form a ____ group

A

monophyletic group

40
Q

dicots form a ____ group

A

paraphyletic group

41
Q

Clades of dicots

A

eudicots (monophyletic), basal angiosperms, and magnoliids

42
Q

Basal angiosperms

A

less derived and include flowering plants belonging to oldest lineages (<0.1% of angiosperm diversity)

43
Q

three basal angiosperms lineages

A

Amborella family, including umbrella trichopoda, water-lily family, Star anise and relatives

44
Q

Magnoliids

A

Evolved after basal angiosperms, 2% of angiosperm diversity, more closely related to monocots and eudicots than to basal lineages

45
Q

____ of angiosperm species are monocots

A

25%

46
Q

Major families of monocots

A

orchids and grasses

47
Q

___ of angiosperm families are eudicots

A

eudicots

48
Q

major families of eudicots

A

daisies and legumes

49
Q

A eudicot embryo consists of

A

an embryonic axis attached to two cotyledons (seed leaves)

50
Q

A monocot embryo contains

A

one cotyledon, and a large endosperm

51
Q

One cotyledon is a _______ trait for clade monocots

A

shared, derived

BIOLOGY 108 (19 decks)

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