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BIOLOGY 108 > Diversity of Protists > Flashcards

Diversity of Protists Flashcards

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1
Q

4 groups of protists

A

excavate, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

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2
Q

Excavata

A

include unicellular protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella

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3
Q

Excavates traits

A

unicellular, predatory and photosynthetic forms, parasites for humans, share characteristic cytoskeleton morphology, have a feeding groove, some have euglenozoans, many have modified mitochondria

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4
Q

euglenozoans

A

unique flagella structures

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5
Q

Three clades included in Excavata

A

diplomands, parabasalids, and Euglenozoans

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6
Q

Diplomonads and Parabasalids traits

A

unicellular, heterotrophic, flagellated, lack plastids, have modified mitochondria, live in anaerobic environments

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7
Q

Euglenozoans

A 
− Includes predatory heterotrophs,
photoautotrophs, and parasites.
− Clade characterized by spiral or
crystalline rod of unknown function
inside flagella
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8
Q

Examples of Eulenozoans

A

Kinetoplastids and Euglenids

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9
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

have single mitochondrion containing a large mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

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10
Q

Euglenids

A

have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell, and some are mixotrophs

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11
Q

SAR group

A

a monophyletic group originating likely from endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic red algae

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12
Q

_____ protists dominate eukaryotic diversity in the oceans

A

SAR

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13
Q

Major subclades of SAR

A

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians

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14
Q

stramenopiles

A

Photosynthetic organisms including: diatoms, brown algae, and oomycetes

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15
Q

Many stramenopiles are:

A

unicellular flagellates or produce flagellates in at least part of their life cycles

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16
Q

Diatoms

A

highly diverse unicellular algae that are major components of marine phytoplankton generate 20-50% of the global oxygen, are surrounded by a unique two-part glass-like wall of silica, and usually reproduce asexually

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17
Q

Stramenopiles

A

largest and most complex algae, brown algae, multicellular seaweeds, kelps, cell wall consists of polysaccharides cellulose and alginic acid, lack roots/stems/leaves

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18
Q

Similarities between plants and algae are ___

A

analogous structures

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19
Q

The lifecycle of most brown algae involves

A

alternation of generations

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20
Q

Oomycetes

A

filamentous, heterotrophic stramenopiles that can reproduce sexually and asexually

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21
Q

Most oomycetes are:

A

decomposers or parasites

22
Q

Oomycetes have filaments called ____ that facilitate nutrient uptake

A

hyphae

23
Q

Alveolates

A

characterized by membrane-bounded sacs called alveoli, which forms a continuous layer under the plasma membrane

24
Q

Examples of alveolates

A

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

25
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

have two flagella and the alveoli support overlapping plates; include aquatic photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, and mixotrophs

26
Q

Apicomplexans

A

parasites of animals and some cause serious human disease

27
Q

Sporozoites

A

Infectious cells spread by alveolates

28
Q

Apicomplexans have an ____ that contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues

A

apex

29
Q

Lifecycle stages in apicomplexans

A

Most apicomplexans have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species to complete their life cycle

30
Q

Plasmodium

A

An apicomplexan that causes malaria

31
Q

Ciliates

A

a group of protists that use cilia to move and feed, are heterotrophs that feed on bacteria and protists by phagocytosis, and reproduce asexually but use conjugation to exchange haploid miconuclei

32
Q

Rhizarians

A

mostly unicellular protists defined by DNA similarities,

33
Q

Rhizarians have no ___ characteristics

A

morphological

34
Q

Most Rhizarians are

A

amoebas (protists that move and feed
by extending and retracting pseudopodia,
extensions of the cell surface) which are not a monophyletic group

35
Q

Archaeplastida

A

a photosynthetic supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.

36
Q

Archaeplastida have cell walls composed of ______

A

cellulose

37
Q

Algae

A

photoautotrophic eukaryotes that are not members of the Kingdom Plantae

38
Q

Algae form a ____ group

A

polypheletic

39
Q

Algae include:

A

single-celled protists (diatoms and dinoflagellates) and multicellular forms (kelps and seaweeds)

40
Q

Red algae

A

multicellular marine seaweeds that reproduce sexually, reddish in colour due to a photosynthetic accessory pigment (phycoerythrin)

41
Q

Green Algae

A

Green pigments in chloroplast make algae green, with two main groups: chlorophyte and charophytes, most living in freshwater

42
Q

Unikonta

A

heterotrophic protists that are closely related to fungi and animals

43
Q

Unikonta includes two clades:

A

ameobozoans and Opisthokonts

44
Q

Most unikont protists have a ________ or are amoebas with no _____

A

single emergent flagellum, flagella

45
Q

Amoebozoans

A

a diverse group of amoeba that have lobe- or tubeshaped, rather than threadlike,
pseudopodia.

46
Q

Amoebozoans have a very flexible body shape that:

A

move by extending blunt lobes (pseudopodia) and feed by phagocytosis

47
Q

Amoebozoans include

A

Slime molds, tubliinids, and entamoebas

48
Q

Two lineages in slime molds

A

plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds

49
Q

Plasmodium

A

Plasmodial slime molds form a mass

50
Q

Tubulinids

A

amoebozoans with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia common in the soil as well as freshwater and marine environments

51
Q

Entamoebas

A

pseudopodia-forming, intestinal

parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates

BIOLOGY 108 (19 decks)

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