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BIOLOGY 108 > Phungi part 1 > Flashcards

Phungi part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Molecular phylogeny places fungi in the ____ which also includes animals

A

Opisthokonts

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2
Q

Fungi and animals’ common ancestor was a

A

protist that was singe celled with a posterior flagella

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3
Q

Fungi function in soil

A

breakdown organic material and recycle nutrients

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4
Q

Shared derived traits of fungi

A

absorptive nutrition, hyphae and mycelia, chitinous cell wall

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5
Q

Absorptive nutrition

A

Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs

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6
Q

Fungi are ____ eukaryotes

A

chemoheterotrophs

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7
Q

Fungi feed by

A

absorption of nutrients from outside of their body (absorptive heterotrophs).

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8
Q

exoenzymes

A

enzymes secreted by Fungi to break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds (external digestion)

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9
Q

Fungi can digest __ from animals and ____ from plants

A

chitin and keratin from animal tissues, cellulose and lignin from plant tissues

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10
Q

After external digestion, fungi will absorb

A

Simple organic molecules (e.g. sugars, amino acids)

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11
Q

Fungi use ____ to obtain food in their environment

A

growth (they are non-motile)

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12
Q

hyphae

A

numerous cylindrical, branched, thin (one cell thick), filled with cytoplasm and organelles multicellular filaments that absorb nitrients

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13
Q

Mycelium

A

network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption formed by hyphae when fungi encounter a food source

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14
Q

Examples of fungi that do not make mycelia

A

Single-celled fungi (yeasts) live in moist, nutrient-rich environments

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15
Q

Mycelium’s filamentous structure maximizes

A

its surface area / volume ratio (better for food absorption and enzyme secretion)

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16
Q

Chitin

A

a glucosamine polymer (a strong and flexible material)

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17
Q

Hyphae are protected by walls made of

A

Chitin

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18
Q

The earliest fungal lineages are

A

(coenocytic) aseptate

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19
Q

Coenocytic fungi hyphae

A

The hyphae of coenocytic fungi form a continuous compartment, with many nuclei but with no dividing cell walls.
Thus, they are continuous cytoplasmic mass with
thousands of nuclei.

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20
Q

After coenocytic fungi came

A

septa formation

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21
Q

Septa formation

A
  • a (cross-walls) that divide the cytoplasm into separate
    cells.
  • The majority of fungi species are septate.
  • Pores allow cell-to-cell movement of
    water and solutes.
  • Septate fungi have single nuclei per cell.
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22
Q

Fungi reproduce by

A

producing vast numbers of spores

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23
Q

Fungal spores are produced by

A

mitosis and meiosis

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24
Q

Fungal mycelia are___ that produce ___spores that grow to produce hyphae

A

1n

1n

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25
Q

Spores are dispersed by

A

wind, water, animals

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26
Q

During sexual reproduction, many fungi produce spores within _____ that enhance spore dispersal.

A

multicellular fruiting bodies

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27
Q

heterokaryotic stage

A

A stage where there are genetically distinct haploid nuclei in one cell

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28
Q

plasmogamy

A

cell fusion

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29
Q

karyogamy

A

nuclear fusion

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30
Q

Fungal nuclei are ___ except for ____ stages

A

haploid (1n)

transient diploid stages formed during the sexual life cycles

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31
Q

Monokaryotic

A

single, identical nuclei

32
Q

separate hyphae are ___karyotic

A

monokaryotic

33
Q

homokaryotic

A

multiple identical nuclei

34
Q

Coenocytic hyphae are

A

homokaryotic

35
Q

Sexual reproduction requires

A

the fusion of hyphae from different mating types

36
Q

Plasmogamy

A

the union of cytoplasms from two-parent mycelia

37
Q

heterokaryon

A

haploid nuclei that exist in a cell before they fuse

38
Q

Separate fungi

A

the haploid nuclei pair off two per cell during mitosis

forming a dikaryotic mycelium

39
Q

Kayogamy

A

nuclear fusion where haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid cell (zygote), does not happen fast (can take centuries before it happens)

40
Q

The diploid undergoes meiosis and produces:

A

haploid spores

41
Q

____ allows mating and spore production to occur at optimal times

A

Separation of plasmogamy and karyogamy

42
Q

Do fungi show alternations of generations?

A

no

43
Q

What produces genetic variation

A

Karyogamy and meiosis

44
Q

Do fungi have gametes?

A

no

45
Q

How is a zygote formed

A

by the fusion of regular haploid nuclei

46
Q

Fungi can reproduce asexually by

A
  • Fragmentation: fragments of hyphae can grow into new mycelia.
    − Budding: unicellular yeasts reproduce asexually by budding
47
Q

Asexual spores

A

form visible mycelia and produce haploid asexual spores by mitosis

48
Q

Do molds and yeasts have no sexual stages?

A

no

49
Q

Opishokonts clade

A

fungi, animals, and related protists

50
Q

Unicellular nucleariids and unicellular choanoflagellates show that

A

multicellularity arose separately in animals and fungi

51
Q

Kingdom fungi is a ____ group

A

monophyletic

52
Q

The ancestor of fungi was

A

an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist

53
Q

Phyla of fungi

A 
- Chytrids (phylum Chytridiomycota)
− Zygomycetes (phylum Zygomycota)
− Glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota)
− Ascomycetes (phylum Ascomycota)
− Basidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota)
54
Q

Chytrids

A
  • first diverging group of fungi, paraphyletic group,
  • Found in aquatic or moist habitats; some in soil, estuaries, or on/inside digestive tract of animals
  • unicellular; others form coenocytic thalli
    (body) , usually with no true mycelium (only some form hyphae)
  • having motile flagellated asexual spores, called zoospores
  • decomposers, parasites, or mutualists
  • cell walls made of chitin and utilize external digestion
55
Q

Zygomycetes

A
  • produce hyphae without septa
  • A paraphyletic group with <1% diversity of fungi
  • fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts
56
Q

Zygosporangia

A
  • the site of karyogamy and then meiosis

- resistant to freezing and drying can survive unfavourable conditions

57
Q

Glomeromycetes

A
  • form symbiotic relationships with the roots of plants
  • Monophyletic group of low diversity
  • reproduce via asexual soil spores
58
Q

ecological importance of glomeromycetes

A

form arbuscular mycorrhiza (endomycorrhiza) with >80% of plant species.

59
Q

Dikarya fungi

A
  • form seperate hyphae following plasmogamy
  • Dikarya includes all edible mushrooms; yeast species used for bread, beer, and cheese production; major wood-rotting fungi; and pathogens of crops and humans
60
Q

Two monophyletic Dikarya groups

A

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

61
Q

Dikarya fungi during heterokaryotic stage

A

produce dikaryotic cells (n + n) that contain two haploid

nuclei, one from each parent

62
Q

Ascomycetes

A

the dikaryotic stage is short-lived

63
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

the dikaryotic stage is often long-lived and dominate the mycelium

64
Q

Ascomycetes

A
  • Found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
    − Vary in size from unicellular yeasts to those forming elaborate, multicellular fruiting bodies
  • wood-rotting fungi (decomposers), many ectomycorrhizal species, plant and animal pathogens, the fungal partner in most lichens, and baking/brewing yeasts
65
Q

Ascomycetes are defined by

A

the production of sexual spores in saclike asci contained in fruiting bodies

66
Q

How ascomycetes reproduce

A

asexually by enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia

67
Q

Concodia

A

asexual spores in ascomycetes

68
Q

Conidia are formed

A

produced asexually at tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores

69
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

familiar toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, ectomycorrhizae, and plant pathogens

70
Q

The life cycle of basidiomycetes usually includes

A

long-lived dikaryotic mycelium

71
Q

Basidiomycetes are defined by

A

club-like structures called basidia, transient diploid stages in the life cycle (“club fungi”)

72
Q

Basidiomycete mycelia reproduce by

A

sexually in response to environmental stimuli by producing elaborate, multicellular fruiting bodies, basidiocarps

73
Q

Basidiocarps

A

multicellular fruiting bodies produced by Basisiomycete

74
Q

Gills

A

thin vertical sheets of mycelia contained in basidiocarp

75
Q

Gills are lined with

A

millions of basidia

BIOLOGY 108 (19 decks)

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