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BIOLOGY 108 > Fungi Part 2 > Flashcards

Fungi Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chytrids

A

unicellular, flagelated

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2
Q

Zygomycetes

A

asexual reproduction, most important for dispersal, sexual reproduction via zygosporangia

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3
Q

Glomeromycetes

A

Arbuscular mycorrhiza;

no sexual reproduction

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4
Q

Ascomycetes

A

Short-lived dikaryotic stage;
sexual spores produced in
asci; numerous asexual
spores (conidia)

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5
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

Long-lived dikaryotic mycelium; sexual spores produced in basidia by elaborate fruiting bodies (basidiocarps)

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6
Q

Most fungal phyla can be differentiated by

A

the use of reproductive structures, eocological lifestyles,

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7
Q

Molds ecological lifestyles

A

rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungi.

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8
Q

Molds produce ___ on the surface of organic\ substrates

A

fuzzy growth of

hyphae

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9
Q

Molds are classified when

A

sexual structures emerge

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10
Q

Yeasts

A

unicellular fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats

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11
Q

Yeast reproduction

A

asexually: bud off daughter cells following mitosis

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12
Q

molds are found in

A 
in zygomycetes (e.g. Rhizopus) or ascomycetes (e.g.
Penicillium)
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13
Q

Yeasts found in

A

ascomycetes (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or

basidiomycetes

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14
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

mutually beneficial (symbiotic) associations between fungi and the roots of vascular plants

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15
Q

Mycorrhizal fungi supply plant roots with

A

water and nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, from the soil and in return receive carbohydrates from their host

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16
Q

Two main types of mycorrhizal

A

Ectomycorrhiza and Endomycorrhiza

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17
Q

Hyphae of _____ surround, but do not penetrate, root cells

A

ectomycorrhizal fungi

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18
Q

Mycelium forms: _______ into surrounding soil.

A

a dense sheath of hyphae (mantle) over the root; hyphae extend

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19
Q

Ectomycorrhizae restricted to

A

mostly wood plants

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20
Q

most common type of endomycorrhizae

A

arbuscular mycorrhiza

21
Q

arbuscular mycorrhiza hyphae

A
  • Hyphae penetrate through cell walls of root cells, forming invaginations of the root cell membrane
  • provide a large surface area for nutrient exchange
22
Q

arbuscular

A

branched hyphal structures in arbuscular mycorrhiza

23
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizae form a _____ group

A

monophyletic

24
Q

Ecological roles of Fungi

A

decomposers, mutualists, pathogens

25
Q

Saprotrophic nutrition

A

Saprotrophic nutrition is the chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion of dead or waste organic matter

26
Q

Decomposers break down complex organic compounds into

A

inorganic mineral forms

27
Q

Fungi are critical to the cycling of

A

carbon and nitrogen, converting dead organic

matter back into ammonium (NH4+), CO2, and water.

28
Q

The most abundant dead organic matter in soils is from

A

plant tissues: cellulose and lignin

29
Q

Hyphal growth of fungi is adapted to

A

searching through soil for plant matter

30
Q

“Fairy rings” result from

A
  • outward growth of decomposer mycelia
  • Release of nutrients from fungal decomposition of soil detritus at the outer edge of the mycelium ring stimulates plant growth
31
Q

Fungi have repeatedly evolved mutually beneficial relationships with

A

plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals

32
Q

fungal endophytes

A

Plants host harmless symbiotic fungal endophytes, fungi that live in the intercellular spaces of leaves or other plant tissues.

33
Q

How the relationship between fungal endophytes and plants are mutualistic

A
  • Endophytes enhance the health and survival of the host plant
  • Endophytes often produce toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogen infections
  • The endophyte receives organic carbon from the plant host
34
Q

Most endophytes are

A

Ascomycetes

35
Q

Lichen

A

a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) association between a

photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus.

36
Q

Lichens appear, function, and even reproduce as _____

A

single organisms

37
Q

___________ occupy an inner layer below the lichen

surface

A

algae or cyanobacteria

38
Q

Algae provide _____ compounds; nitrogen-fixing

cyanobacteria also provide ______ (algae and cyanobacteria in lichen)

A

organic carbon

organic nitrogen

39
Q

Fungi provide for cyanobacteria in lichen:

A

an environment for photosymbiont growth (protection,

free from competition, fungal mycelia retains water and minerals).

40
Q

Asexual reproduction of lichen

A

Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation or formation of soredia, small clusters of hyphae containing embedded algae

41
Q

Lichens aid in the breakdown of

A

rock, volcanic flows, and burned forests

42
Q

How lichens help with breaking down stuff

A

Lichen secretes weak acids that degrade the substrate
The swelling of hyphae in cracks promotes fracturing of rock.
Lichens trap windblown particles

43
Q

Powdery mildews

A

fungi that coat leaves and fruits by penetrating cells with special hyphae

44
Q

Ergot

A
  • Ergot replaces seed with its own mycelium mass that produces alkaloids that can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals when contaminated grains are consumed.
    − Ergots alkaloids include lysergic acid derivatives, which are similar to psychedelic drugs (LSD), that effect circulation and neurotransmission
45
Q

Dutch elm disease

A
  • was accidentally introduced into North America in ~1930s in imported elm wood
  • Ascomycete fungi
  • tree blocks it’s xylem
46
Q

Blue-stain fungus

A
  • spread by mountain pine beetle

- fungus kills the pine tree by clogging and destroying the tree’s vascular tissues

47
Q

mycosis

A
  • a fungal infection of animals or humans
  • a cutaneous fungal infection occurs on the outer layer of the skin (fungus can enter the system after traumatic injury to the skin)
48
Q

Systemic fungal infections

A

occur when a fungal pathogen spreads widely inside the host’s body to many organs

49
Q

Histoplasmosis

A
  • fungus grows in soil contaminated with bird or bat
    droppings
  • Disturbing the substrate leads to inhalation of conidia spores
  • primarily effect the lings

BIOLOGY 108 (19 decks)

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