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Embryology > Second Third Week > Flashcards

Second Third Week Flashcards

1
Q

what does epiplast forms

A

amniotic cells & amniotic caity

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2
Q

embroblast forms what

A

epiblast & hypoblast

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3
Q

what is another name for trophoblast

A

outer cell mass

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4
Q

what does trophoblast form

A

fetal side of placenta

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5
Q

why do we have little lacunae that occur on the syncytiotrophoblast

A

ultimately nutrients go into epiblast

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6
Q

what does hypoblast cells do

A

line the inner lining of yolk sac

transdifferentiate

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7
Q

what is transdifferentiate

A

change entire cell property

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8
Q

hypoblasts do what regarding migration?

A

migrate out and form very thick band of extra embrionic mesoderm

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9
Q

what does extra embrionic mesodierm form

A

fetal side of placenta

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10
Q

once fetal side of placenta forms what happens

A

little holes form

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11
Q

what happens if lots of holes are formed in extraembryonic mesoderm

A

it splits into two parts: visceral and parietal

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12
Q

when all the lacune merge together what do they form

A

one chorionic cavity

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13
Q

what is the outer cavity of yolk sac called

A

extraembryonic visceral mesoderm

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14
Q

what forms half of the connecting stalk and also coats yolk sac

A

extraembryonic visceral mesoderm

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15
Q

what forms the connecting stalk

A

1/2 from visceral and 1/2 from parietal mesoderm

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16
Q

what eventually happens to the visceral and parietal mesoderm

A

it will go away

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17
Q

in week two what disappears

A

primary yolk sac

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18
Q

when does yolk sac decrease

A

week 14-20

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19
Q

why does yolk sac decrease

A

europlacental circulation takes over

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20
Q

what does embryonic parietal mesoderm help form

A

secondary chorionic villi

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21
Q

what happens if blastocyst dies but trophoblast does not

A

trophoblast pumps out more hhg and can potentially give rise to cancer

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22
Q

what 3 major things happen in week 3

A

primitive streak - definitive
notochord
gastrulation - 3 layers

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23
Q

what happens in primitive streak

A

where primoridal germ cells go through during development of gametes

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24
Q

where is primtiive streak located

A

in the back of embryo

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25
Q

where is epiblast layer

A

on front part

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26
Q

what does notochord do

A

it doesnt form anything but tells other things what to do

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27
Q

what is gastrulation

A

differentiation of three germ layers

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28
Q

what 3 germ layers develop (3 layers of trilaminar disk)

A

intraembryonic ectoderm
intraembryonic mesoderm
extraembryonic endoderm

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29
Q

what is the first sign of gastulation

A

primitive streak

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30
Q

what does the first population of cells help to form

A

intraembroyinic endoderm

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31
Q

what does the second population of cells help to form

A

intraembryonic mesoderm

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32
Q

what forms the floor

A

the endoderm

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33
Q

what goes in like water and fills up the middle

A

intraembroyinic mesoderm

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34
Q

what do the third population of cells form

A

pinched off to form neurotube

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35
Q

what is notocord formed from

A

mesendermal cells

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36
Q

what does notocord do

A

tells the overlying ectoderm to form the neuroectoderm

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37
Q

what happens to neuroectoderm

A

pinches off to form neurotube

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38
Q

what does neurotube form

A

central and peripheral nervous system

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39
Q

what cells dont migrate ad what do they form (fourth population of cells)

A

ectoderm

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40
Q

what is the function of allantois

A

involved in fetal excretion

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41
Q

what takes over the allantois

A

placenta

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42
Q

what is the tailfold and what does it do

A

allantosis shoved into connected stalk - the vessels of alantosis (arteries and veins) migrate from allantosis and goes into connecting stalk and forms the umbilical vessels

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43
Q

before neuro tube closes what are the cells around it called

A

neural crest cells

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44
Q

what is the function of neural crest cells

A 
peripheral nervous system
dorsal root ganglia
skeletal and musclar parts
meningeal coveraings
melanocytes in epidermis of skin and hair
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45
Q

where do neural crest cells go

A

migrate to target organs

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46
Q

what causes hypoblast cells to remodel the primitive yolk sac

A

endoderm cells coming in and pushing them out

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47
Q

what lines the yolk sac

A

endoderm

48
Q

what forms the epithelial lining of gut tube

A

endoderm

49
Q

what does endoderm do

A

forms gut tube & endoethelial lining of all GI tract ecept mouth and distal and anus and lining of respiratory tract, and anything that buds off of GI tract (baldder, lungs)

50
Q

If it buds off of GI tract, what does it come from

A

endoderm

51
Q

paraxial mesoderm ahs what two parts

A

sclerotome

dermomyotome

52
Q

what does sclerotome form

A

axial skeleton (torso)& neurocranium

53
Q

what is visceral cranium formed from

A

neural crest cells

54
Q

what does dermomyotome form

A

dermis of skin of the back

skeletal muscle of torso and limbs

55
Q

the skin is formed from ectoderm only - yes or no?

A

no - outer lining of epitherlium but dermis of skin is formed from dermomyotome

56
Q

what forms all the skeletal muscles

A

dermomyotome

57
Q

urinary system is only formed from what

A

intermediate mesoderm

58
Q

the lateral plate mosoderm is split into what two parts

A

visceral lateral plate mesoderm

parietal lateral plate mesoderm

59
Q

what forms cardiovascular system

A

visceral lateral plate mesoderm

60
Q

what does ectoderm help form

A

top layer - epithelial lining

61
Q

where does heart move to

A

from the dorsal side of embryo to

62
Q

what does lateral fold pinch off

A

the yolk sac

63
Q

where doesnt the lateral fold pinch off

A

connecting stalk

64
Q

what does lateral fold pinch off

A

ventral part of developing embryo except connecting stalk

65
Q

where does the lateral fold pinch off

A

vitilointestinal duct

66
Q

what happens if lateral fold doesnt pinch off

A

mekel’s diverticulum

67
Q

what is hydraminios/polyhydramios

A

too much amniotic fluid

68
Q

what is oligohydramios

A

too little amniotic fluid

69
Q

what is the most common cause of hydramnios

A

idiopathic (we dont know why)

70
Q

how can esophageal atresia cause hydramnios

A

normally baby drinks some amniotic fluid, if esophagus ends, baby drinks it and then it vomits it out, when baby drinks amniot fluid normally baby keeps 1/3 of fluid, if baby throws up fluid and isn’t retaining any then will have too much amniotic fluid

71
Q

how can esophageal atresia cause hydramnios

A

normally baby drinks some amniotic fluid, if esophagus ends, baby drinks it and then it vomits it out, when baby drinks amniot fluid normally baby keeps 1/3 of fluid, if baby throws up fluid and isn’t retaining any then will have too much amniotic fluid

72
Q

what are main causes of oligohydramnio

A

renal agenesis
amnion rupture due to trauma
urinary obstructive lesions

73
Q

what is pulmonary hypoplasia

A

incomplete development of lungs

74
Q

what can cause pulmonary hypoplasia

A

oligohydramnio

75
Q

fetal side of placenta is called what

A

chorion

76
Q

why are villi important

A

effecient gas exchange, want water and gas in and waste out

77
Q

what are the three types of chorionic villi

A

primary
secondary
tertiary

78
Q

as pregnancy continues what villi increase and decrease

A

primary amount goes down

secondary and tertiary goes up

79
Q

What is the name of the fetal side of the placenta

A

chorion/chorionic plate

80
Q

what makes up the fetal side of the placenta

A

Chorion= trophoblast layers ((Syncytiotrophoblast (*), Cytotrophophoblasts(**)) and parietal extraembryonic mesoderm

81
Q

what makes up the maternal side of the placenta

A

cotyledon - little bumps

decidua

82
Q

what is major difference b/w tertiary and secondary

A

tertiary has everything secondary does plus capillary

83
Q

what happens in fetal period 9-40th week

A

mainly growth and maturation of tissues, addition of fat

84
Q

what is different in 11 to 31 weeks

A

large deposition of fat

85
Q

when are most organ systems established and functioning

A

by end of 8th week

86
Q

two kinds of multiple pregnancies:

A

dizygotic/fraternal twins

monozygotic/maternal/identical twins

87
Q

what is another name for identical twins

A

monozygotic

88
Q

what is another name for fraternal twins

A

dizygotic

89
Q

how do fraternal twins occur

A

two fertilized zygotes - 2 ovuum are ovulated) have two chorionic sacs, two amnions, two placents, may not be same sex and different morphology

90
Q

how do identical twins occur

A

originate from one zygote and are the same sex, genetically identical and very similar in physical appearance

91
Q

what is chromosome number in blasphomeres

A

46, 2N

92
Q

how many chorionic sacs are there in dizygotic twins

A

2

93
Q

how many placentas are in dizygotic twins

A

2

94
Q

what are the three locations monozygotic twins can occur

A

separation at blastula containing two blastomeres stage
separation at early blastocyst stage
separation at bilaminar germ disc stage

95
Q

describe what happens if there is separation at blastula containing two blastomeres

A

similar to dizygotic twins (2 placenta, etc) but genetic makeup, fingerpreints, sex are similar

96
Q

morula becomes what

A

blastocyst

97
Q

describe what happens when there is separation at early blastocyst stage

A

inner cell mass splits into two separate groups withint he same blastocyst, two blastocyst have a common placenta, commoon chorionic cavity but separate amnionic sacs

98
Q

describe what happens at bilaminar germ disc stage to have monozygotic twins

A

two blastocysts have a single placenta and common chorionic and amnioic cavities

99
Q

how many placentas are present if separation atbilmaniar germ disc occurs and produces monozygotic twins

A

1

100
Q

how many placenta are there if there is separation at early blastocyst for monozygotic twins

A

1

101
Q

Which of the following is most likely about embryonic folding?
A. Head fold forces the heart to the dorsal surface
B. Head fold forms the midgut only
C. Laterl fold enlargs the yolk sac
D. Tail fold helps to form primary villi
E. All 3 folds pinch off yolk sac

A

E

102
Q

What does head fold form

A

foregut

103
Q

what does tailgut form

A

hindgut

104
Q

what does lateral fold form

A

midgut

105
Q

does the tail fold help to form primary villi

A

no

106
Q

do all 3 fold pinch off yolk sac?

A

yes

107
Q

what is clinical corrilation if the 3 folds do not pinch off correctly

A

meckel’s diverticulum

108
Q

Which of the following is most likely about villi
A: formed from hypoblst cells only
b. primary villi contain only cytotrophoblst cells
c. secondar villi contain synctiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast cells only
d. tertiary villi contain all the components of secondary villi plus placental barrier
e. tertiary villi decrease in number as pregnancy continues

A

D

109
Q

Are villi formed from hypoblast ells only

A

no

110
Q

do primary villi contain only cytotrophoblast cells?

A

no

111
Q

Where the epiblast and hypoblast fused, what is it called?

A

prechordal plate

112
Q

what is the significance of the prechordal plate?

A

helps establish rostral-caudal orientation (front and back of baby)

113
Q

what is a hydatiform mole?

A

what cancer is called if there is no embryo but still a trophoblast

114
Q

Third epiblast form what?

A

neuroectoderm

115
Q

Fourth epiblast form what?

A

intraembryonic ectoderm

Embryology (16 decks)

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