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Embryology > Review 4.10 > Flashcards

Review 4.10 Flashcards

1
Q

septum transversum is pushed downwards until when

A

it gets close to liver

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2
Q

when is life able to being AKA when are lungs mature enough that baby will survive outside womb

A

week 22

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3
Q

as lung comes down it cleaves off what

A

pleural pericardial membrane - 2 little pieces

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4
Q

what is inside pleural pericardial membrane

A

phrenic nerve

comon cardinal vein

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5
Q

common cardinal vein on right helps form what

A

SVC

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6
Q

common cardinal vein on left does what

A

goes away

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7
Q

cardiovasular system consists of three groups of

A

blood islands

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8
Q

what are the three groups of blood islands

A

bilateral -left and right heart tubes
dorsal aorta
extraembryonic blood islands

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9
Q

the blood islands are forced together to form single tube by what process

A

the lateral folding

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10
Q

primitive heart tube - see progenital heart cells

A

pg 30

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11
Q

progenital heart cells come from what layer

A

epiblast

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12
Q

progenital heart cells form what

A

left and right endothelial heart tube

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13
Q

myocardium is derived from what

A

VLPM

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14
Q

Every part of heart comes from VLPM except what

A

membranous part of interventrulcar septum

conotruncal septum

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15
Q

conotruncal septum forms what in mature heart

A

part of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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16
Q

epicardium heps to form what

A

visceral pericardium

conornary arteries

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17
Q

cardiac jelly helps to form what

A

cardiac mesencym & CT skeleton of heart - all the walls!

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18
Q

single undifferentiated heart tube undergoes what

A

cardiac looping

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19
Q

what is this pg 31

A

left horn of sinus vinosus

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20
Q

are there any walls in the undifferentiated tube

A

no

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21
Q

bulbus cordis is what

A

right side

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22
Q

what is outflow track

A

conus cordis

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23
Q

what is important about truncus arteriosus

A

where conotruncal septum arches out and is separated into pulmonary trunk & aorta

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24
Q

what are these two parts the two little horns pg 31

A

beginnig of aortic arches

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25
Q

septum primum goes down until it meets what

A

septum intermedium

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26
Q

what is formed first septum primium or septum intermedium

A

septum intermedium

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27
Q

why do we need the foramen primium

A

the right left shunt must be kept open

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28
Q

what happens if right left shunt is closed early

A

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

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29
Q

before septum primium fuses what happens

A

foramen secundum

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30
Q

eventually foramen primium - what will happen

A

fused

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31
Q

when will valve of oval foramen officially close off

A

after birth

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32
Q

what does foramen secundum form

A

valve of oval foramen

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33
Q

what is fusion point of oval foramen called

A

limbus

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34
Q

right venous valve starts to do what

A

expands and cover the primitive or the rough part

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35
Q

initially the entire atria are what

A

rough (primtiive)

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36
Q

left venous valve does what

A

expands and goes to help support septum secundum

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37
Q

smooth part of atria is called what

A

sinus venarum

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38
Q

how do pulmonary veins help form left atria?

A

pulled inside and used as “wallpaper” to help form

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39
Q

what are two parts of ventricular wall

A

muscular and membranous

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40
Q

which is thicker in ventricular wall: msucular or membranous

A

muscular wall: 2-3 x thicker

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41
Q

what is take home message about membranous ventricular wall

A

neural crest cells

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42
Q

what is membranous ventricular wall formed from

A

neural crest cells

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43
Q

what do neural crest cells help form?

A

conotruncal septum & membranous part of ventricular wall

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44
Q

if there is membranous interventricular septual defect there will also be what

A

truncus arteriosus defect

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45
Q

blood islands help to form what

A

heart tube & dorsal aorta & cardial veins

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46
Q

L & R supracardinal veins form what

A

Rt: azygous
Lt: hemiazygous & acessorry hemiazygous

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47
Q

what happens to posterior cardinal veins

A

gives off other veins and then goes away

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48
Q

where is liver in developin gherat

A

slide 37

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49
Q

where do aortic arches go before they hit the dorsal aorta

A

things have to go through arches before they go to other places

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50
Q

what happens to 5th pharyneal arch

A

degenerates as soon as its made

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51
Q

what hapepns to the first aortic arch

A

goes away

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52
Q

what happens to second arotic arch

A

goes away

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53
Q

what happens to 3, 4, 6 aortic arch

A

they stay

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54
Q

what does 3rd aortic arch help form

A

common carotid & proximal part of internal carotid

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55
Q

what does 4th aoritc arch help form

A

part of aorta, helps to form subclavian artery

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56
Q

what does 6th aortic arch help form

A

left proximal pulmonary artery & ductus arteriosus (will form the ligamentum arteriosum)

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57
Q

left umbilical vein helps form what

A

round ligament of liver

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58
Q

what happens to right umbilical vvein

A

closes very early @ 7th week

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59
Q

what is ductus venousus

A

liver bipas

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60
Q

what happens to ductus venosus after birth

A

becomes ligmentum venosum

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61
Q

ductus arteriosus will form what

A

ligementum arteriosum

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62
Q

will any blood go into right ventricle

A

yes, very small amount, to help mature right ventricle

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63
Q

what happens to small amount of blood that goes to right ventricle

A

ductus arteriosus shunts to aorta

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64
Q

what is nomral blood flow for fetus

A

right artria to left ventricle to ductus arteriosus to aorta to rest of body

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65
Q

what is right left shunt in fetus heart

A

foramen ovale

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66
Q

skeletal system forms what

A

neurocranium, torso EXCEPT sternum

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67
Q

all skeletal muscles formed from what

A

paraxial mesoderm

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68
Q

integument system is all from what

A

ectoderm

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69
Q

all nails, glands, hair are formed from what

A

ectoderm

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70
Q

what divides or forms the proximal distal component

A

AER

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71
Q

what does AER stand for

A

apical ectoderm ridge

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72
Q

what does AER do

A

tells things not to differentitae, to grow (double check)

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73
Q

what helps form anterior posterios differntiation of limb

A

retinoic acid

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74
Q

all skeletal muscle of head comes from what

A

pharyngeal arches from paraxial mesoderm

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75
Q

what does the epimere do

A

(comes from somites) form big broad muscles of back

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76
Q

wha does hypomere form

A

keep segmented nature - like itnercostal, oblique, the muscles in the front

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77
Q

what is limb made of

A

ectoderm
PLPM
paraxial mesoderm (msucles)
NO ENDODERM

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78
Q

what is the last thing that goes into limb

A

nerve and blood vessels

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79
Q

what is the primary axial artery of upper limb

A

common interosseous

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80
Q

post developmental life still have common interosseous?

A

yes - very small but still there

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81
Q

what does common interossueous artery form

A

anterior & posterior interossues which helps supply deeper muscles in anterioa and posterior upper limb

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82
Q

median artery - what happens post developmentally

A

it is not there, gets retracted

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83
Q

what happens to ulnar and radial artery in post natal life

A

they stay

84
Q

ischiadic artery perfuses and then what happens

A

only little pieces of it are used

85
Q

what comes after ishchidaic artery

A

femoral

86
Q

what what femoral artery form

A

popliteal

87
Q

what does popliteal artery form

A

posterior tibilal artery

88
Q

is there discreet blood supply to posterior thigh

A

no

89
Q

what helps supply posterior thigh postnatal

A

cruciate anastamoses: medial & lateral circumflex femoral, inferior gluteal

90
Q

cardiac and smooth muscle develp from what

A

VLPM

91
Q

when does urinary system develop before

A

slightly before genital system

92
Q

how many pairs of kidneys

A

3

93
Q

what percentage of pronephros sticks around

A

1%

94
Q

what does pronerphros help form

A

nephric duct

95
Q

what does nephric duct help form

A

mesonephric duct

96
Q

what does mesonephric duct plug into

A

cloaclia

97
Q

where does paramesonephric duct form from

A

intermediate mesoderm

98
Q

what percent of mesonephric duct goes away

A

99%

99
Q

what is mesonephric duct used for

A

epididiymus, efferent ductules, ductus deferens

100
Q

why else is mesonephric duct important

A

mature kidney comes from mesonephric duct

101
Q

if there is no mesonephric duct can kidney develop

A

no

102
Q

uteric bud migrates from mesonephric duct to:

A

urogenital sinus

103
Q

is urinary bladder part of hindgut

A

yes

104
Q

two of most important pieces of urogenital sinus are what

A

urinary bladder

spongy urethra

105
Q

suprarental part inner part is formed from what

A

neural crest cells inside (outer is intermediate mesoderm)

106
Q

everything but inner part of suprarenal is formed from what

A

intermediate mesoderm

107
Q

Know slide 52*

A

!!

108
Q

what happens to paramesoneprhi duct in males

A

goes away

109
Q

everything from blue is from what pg 56

A

paramesonephric duct - intermediate mesoderm

110
Q

everything in yellow is what pg 56

A

urogenital snius -endoderm

111
Q

urethral folds fuse together and penile urethra is what

A

endoderm

112
Q

what is exception in penis

A

tip is ectoderm

113
Q

what is the most important prominence in face - if it doesn’t fuse nothing forms correctly

A

mandibular prominence

114
Q

what does medial nasal prominence help form

A

bridge of nose
tip of nose
filtrum
primary palate

115
Q

primary palate fses with what

A

secondary palate

116
Q

what must all fuse at same time

A

nasal septum at same time primary and secondary palate fuse

117
Q

nose is ingrowht of what

A

ectoderm

118
Q

what pharyngeal arch is involved and obliterated in tongue

A

first pharyngeal arch helps form ant 2/3 of tongue

second is obliterated

119
Q

what mature structure does the second pharyngeal arch form if any

A

NOTHING - totally obliterated by the thrid

120
Q

where does notochord come from

A

mesoderm

121
Q

neural ectoderm helps from what

A

neural plate

122
Q

neural plate is pinched off and forms what

A

neural tube & neural crest cells

123
Q

trilaminar disk chart

A

in trilmaniar disk lecture

124
Q

what part of the brain or spinal cord are the cells which do not come from ventricular laeyr

A

none of them

125
Q

ventricular layer helps form what

A

all three layers of brain

it’s germative layer of brain and spinal cord

126
Q

what 3 layer organiztaion occurs throughout brain and spinal cord

A
  1. ventricular/ependymal zone
  2. intermediate/mantle zone
  3. marginal zone
127
Q

what two areas are there an addition (the three layers + something) in forebrain

A

neocortex, molecular

128
Q

what 3 layers are added in cerebellum (hindbrain)

A

granular, purkinje, molecular layers

129
Q

where are there increased number of motor cells in spinal cord?

A

cervical and lumbar enlargements

need more for muscles in upper & lower limbs

130
Q

PNS is all part of what

A

neural crest cell

131
Q

autonomic nervous system cells derive from what

A

neural crest cells

132
Q

meninges are derived from what

A

neural crest cells

133
Q

lens and anterior epithelim comes from what

A

surface ectoderm

134
Q

where does diencephalon come from?

A

brain itself

135
Q

ear is formed from waht

A

pharyngeal groove 1

136
Q

middle ear is what

A

endoderm

137
Q

outer ear is what

A

ectoderm

138
Q

inner ear is what

A

surface ectoderm

139
Q

assosciation vs syndrome

A

syndrome: know why it occus
association: don’t know why it occurs

140
Q

meiotic nondisjunction

A

74

141
Q

what is only monosomy compatible of life

A

turner syndrome

142
Q

what is another name for structural

A

mutant gene

143
Q

what is chromosomal aberrations

A

some lost during crossin gover (of chromosom)

144
Q

dosage of teratogen in first two weeks will cause

A

death of blastocyst

145
Q

what is most sensitive to exposure of teratogens

A

durong organogensis

146
Q

what can be affected at any time to teratogens

A

fetal brain/CNS

147
Q

what are especially prone to minor congenital anomaleis

A

ears

148
Q

as number of minor congenital anomalies increase what happens

A

increase in major congenital anomalies

149
Q

what is malformation

A

total absense or change - like vascular

150
Q

what is disruption

A

partial change

151
Q

What are two major structures that push septum transversum down?

A

lung & heart

152
Q

cranial part of tracheobronchial diverticulum is surrounded by what

A

pharyngeal arches

153
Q

What does VLPM form as lungs expand

A

visceral pulmonary pleura

154
Q

as the lung buds expand into body coelom, what are they surrounded by

A

VLPM

155
Q

What are the four stages of lung development?

A
  1. pseudoglandular period
  2. Canalicular period
  3. terminal sac period
  4. alveolar period
156
Q

What week is the pseudoglandular period of the lung development

A

5-16 weeks

157
Q

What week is the canalicular period of lung development

A

16-26 weeks

158
Q

What week is the terminal sac period of lung developemnt

A

26 weeks - birth

159
Q

What time period is the alveolar period of lung development

A

birth - 8 years

160
Q

What is significant about the pseudoglandular period?

A

the terminal branches do not have respiratory bronchiole or alveoli = no respiration

161
Q

What is significant about the canalicular period?

A

The terminal branches form respiratory bronchioles which form terminal sacs & have a few alveoar ducts
capillaries start to associate
by week 24 respiratory bronchioles have developed, but chance of survival poor

162
Q

What is significant about terminal sac period?

A

more development and maturation, 2 weeks before birth surfactant at adequate levels

163
Q

What is significant about the alveolar period?

A

90-95% alveoli will develop after birth

more surfactant & vasculature

164
Q

What 3 veins does sinus venosus get?

A

vitelline vein
umbillical vein
common cardinal vein

165
Q

What happens to most of left horn of sinus venosus?

A

goes away

166
Q

What is the congenital defect where the apex of the heart is located on the right side of the body due to improper rotation of the heart tube?

A

Dextrocardia

167
Q

What causes dextrocardia?

A

improper rotation of heart tube

168
Q

Describe dextrocardia of embryonic arrest

A

heart is shifted slightly more than normal

169
Q

Describe dextrocardia sinus inversus

A

heart is mirror image of normal heart but on right side

170
Q

Describe Dextrocardia sinus inversus totalis

A

everything is reversed - it usually has congenital heart defects with it because it doesn’t reverse perfectly

171
Q

What is the most common type of ASD?

A

Ostium Secundum atrial septal defect

172
Q

What can cause ostium secundum atrial septal defect?

A

excessive reabosrption of septum primum or incomplete development of septum secundum

173
Q

What is result of ostium secundum atrial septal defect?

A

left → right shunt mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood

174
Q

What can cause ostium primum ASD?

A

non-fusion of septum primum w/ septum intermedium

so you will have an actual hole in atrial wall

175
Q

What is the result of ostium primum ASD?

A

left →right shunt mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood

176
Q

What can cause patent foramen ovale?

A

foramen ovale doesn’t seal at limbus

177
Q

What is result of patent foramen ovale?

A

Left→Right shunt mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

178
Q

What can cause hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

A

premature closure of foramen ovale

179
Q

What is result of hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

A

Prevents blood from reaching left heart so its underdeveloped and right heart is enlarged-Incompatible with post natal life

180
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

Membranous ventricular septal defect

181
Q

What causes membranous ventricular septal defect?

A

underdevelopment of muscular septum
misalignment of bulboconal and ventricular septa
underdevelopment of endocardial cushions

182
Q

What is the result of membranous ventricular septal defect?

A

the muscular & membranous septal portions fail to fuse, the membranous septum is small so the VSD usually extend into surrounding muscular part

183
Q

What causes persistent truncus arteriosis?

A

conotruncal ridges fail to form

184
Q

What is the result of persistent truncus arteriosis?

A

both ventricles mix oxygenated & deoxygenated blood, decreasing blood oxygen concentration

185
Q

What causes Abnormal location of conotruncal septa?

A

Transposition of great vessels-conotruncal septum grows straight down instead of a 180o twist

186
Q

What is the result of Abnormal location of conotruncal septa?

A

This causing a transposition of the aorta to the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk to the left ventricle casing aorta to send deoxygenated blood to body

-Usually associated with atrial or ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosis (Left pulmonary artery to aorta

187
Q

what is the result of doublet outlet right ventricle?

A

abnormal truncal separation causes both aorta and pulmonary trunk to arise from right ventricle causing deoxygenated blood to be sent to body

188
Q

what causes double outlet right ventricle?

A

abnormal truncal separation

189
Q

What is doublet outlet right ventricle associated with?

A

ventricular septal defect, pulmonary valve stenosis, transposition of great vessels

190
Q

What is the most common occuring abnormality?

A

tetralogy of fallot

191
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot caused by?

A

chromosome 22 deletions & digeorge syndrome

192
Q

What are the four things tetralogy of fallot is characterized by?

A 
1.  Pulmonary stenosis- narrow right     
       ventricular region
   2. Interventricular septal defect
   3. Overriding of the Aorta
   4. Right ventricular hypertrophy

“PROV” - prove it

193
Q

List 5 postnatal vascular changes

A
  1. Umbilical arteries becomes obliterated part of the umbilical artery (branch of internal iliac)
  2. Left umbilical vein becomes round ligament of liver
    • Right umbilical vein closes very early (7th week)
  3. Ductus venosus shunt ligmentum venosum
  4. Ductus arteriosus shunt ligmentum arteriosum
  5. Foramen ovale shunt fossa ovale
194
Q

Describe horseshoe kidney

A

During ascent past right and left common iliac arteries, lower kidney poles fuse and does not ascend higher than the inferior mesenteric artery

195
Q

Describe pancake kidney

A

A disk-shaped organ produced by congenital fusion of superior and inferior poles of the embryonic kidneys to form one mass on the midline and does not ascend higher than the inferior mesenteric artery

196
Q

Describe renal agenesis

A

One or both kidneys may be absent
-If ureteric buds don’t grow, collecting ducts and nephrons don’t develop due to lack of induction factors between them resulting in kidneys not forming or very small leading to renal failure and anuria (no urine formation and excretion)
-Unilateral renal agenesis can be asymptomatic or produce oligohydraminos but bilateral is always fatal
Oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia (incomplete formation of the lung) because little or no urine is excreted into the amniotic cavity
Associated with other severe defects (absence of vagina and uterus, ductus deferens etc)

197
Q

Describe Hydronephrosis

A

Dilatation of renal pelvis (*) and calices (major and minor) due to obstruction in the urinary passages resulting in major kidney damage depending if its acute or chronic

198
Q

Describe double ureter

A
  • Duplicated unilaterally or bilaterally

- May or may not be associated with the duplication of kidney next to median umbilical ligament

199
Q

Describe ectopic ureter

A

-Ureter may open into vagina, urethra, or vestibule and usually due to faulty development of Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

200
Q

Describe duplex ureter

A

Splitting of ureteric bud duplicating collecting portion of kidney

201
Q

Describe Ectopia vesicae/exstrophy of bladder

A
  • Lumen of the urinary bladder may be exposed on the surface of the body and amniotic cavity due to the ventral body wall failing to close
  • Due to the lack of parietal lateral plate mesoderm migration below umbilicus to form dermis (connective tissue support) for the ectodermal epithelial covering of the lumen of the bladder followed by the rupture of the thin layer of ectoderm
  • Occurs mainly in males and may be associated with epispadias (urethra opens on dorsum of penis)
202
Q

Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH):
-Excessive androgen production

  • Females- masculization of external genitalia
  • Males- maybe undetected until early childhood
  • Rapid growth and accelerated skeletal muscle development
203
Q

Review chart pg 60

A

:)

204
Q

Describe cleft lip

A

Medial nasal prominences (nose) do not fuse maxillary (lips) nasal prominences

205
Q

Describe cleft palate

A

-Cleft palate- 2o palate does not fuse with each other or with 1o palate

208
Q

Describe cleft lip & palate

A

Cleft lip and palate- More severe deformity where non-fusion extends to maxilla (between 1o and 2o palate) and can be unilateral or bilateral

Embryology (16 decks)

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