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Embryology > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what is skeletal muscle formed from

A

periaxial mesoderm

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2
Q

what is cardio and smooth muscle formed from

A

visceral lateral plate mesoderm

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3
Q

When does the cardiovascular system form?

A

mid 3rd week

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4
Q

What does CPC stand for?

A

cardiac progenitor cells

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5
Q

Why does the cardiovascular system form in the third week?

A

the trophoblast cannot satisfy the blastocyst’s nutritional rqeuirements by diffusion only

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6
Q

What layer are CPC cells located?

A

epliblast

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7
Q

What does the intraembryonic cavity (ceoleum) do?

A

separates the visceral and parietal lateral plate mesoderm

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8
Q

what forms within the visceral lateral plate mesoderm?

A

blood islands

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9
Q

What are the two heart fields?

A

primary and secondary heart fields

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10
Q

What are the only structure of head and neck that migrate down?

A

neural crest cells

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11
Q

CPC are induced by ____ to form ____ and _____

A

endoderm

myoblasts, hemangioblasts

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12
Q

What form the blood islands?

A

Hemangioblasts

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13
Q

Where are blood islands formed?

A

primary and secondary heart fields

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14
Q

what do blood islands form? (two things)

A

numerous primitive blood vessels (endothelial lined tubes) & blood stem cells

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15
Q

What do the numerous endothelial lined tubes unite and form?

A

right & left larger endothelial-lined tubes

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16
Q

Myoblasts from VLPM attach to what tubes?

A

endothelial lined tubes

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17
Q

ASD appears in what location of atrial septum?*

A

center of atrial septum

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18
Q

the primary and secondary cardiac field fuse together and form what?

A

a single aorta & 1 pericardial cavity

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19
Q

What does cardiac jelly form?

A

cardiac mesenchyme

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20
Q

What does cardiac mesenchyme form?

A

atrial and ventricular septation

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21
Q

What moves the primitive heart from dorsal to ventral position?

A

head fold

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22
Q

The head fold pushes the primitive heart in what direction

A

from dorsal to ventral

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23
Q

The truncus arteriosus will eventually become what?

A

aorta & pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

The sinus venousus will eventually become what?

A

atria

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25
Q

Lateral folding fuses what 2 things together?

A

2 large endoethelial lined heart tubes

2 dorsal aorta

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26
Q

The endothelial lined heart tubes are fused everywhere except:

A

truncus arteriosus

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27
Q

Initially the heart is connected dorsally to the pericardial cavity by what?

A

dorsal mesocardium

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28
Q

What happens as the heart bulges into the pericardial cavity?

A

the attachment to the dorsal mesocardium rips away

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29
Q

when the heart rips away from dorsal mesocardium what does it form?

A

transverse pericardial sinus

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30
Q

After the transverse pericardial sinus is formed, what end is heart tube suspended from?

A

rostral end

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31
Q

what is the rostral end of the heart called (in the beginning, right after transverse pericardial sinus is formed)?

A

truncus arteriosus (atrial end)

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32
Q

What is the caudal end of the heart called (in the beginning, right after transverse pericardial sinus is formed)?

A

sinus venosus (venous end)

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33
Q

How is the heart suspended at the caudal end (as the heart is elongating into the pericardial cavity)?

A

by septum transversum - the venous end goes into it

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34
Q

What is the cardiac jelly involved in forming?

A

heart septas/walls and connective tissue skeleton of heart

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35
Q

What is located b/w the inner endothelial tube & outer myocardium?

A

cardiac jelly

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36
Q

What two things does epicardium form?

A

most of visceral pericardium & coronary arteries

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37
Q

What makes up the myoepicardial mantle?

A

epicardium and the myocardium

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38
Q

What does endocardium form?

A

endothelial heart tube (progenitor heart cells)

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39
Q

What does myocardium form?

A

progenitor heart cells + surrounding visceral lateral plate mesoderm

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40
Q

what does epicardium form?

A

visceral pericardium

coronary arteries - endothelium & smooth muscles

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41
Q

what does cardiac jelly form?

A

cardiac mesenchyme

CT skeleton of heart

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42
Q

What forms the primitive right ventricle?

A

bulbus cordis

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43
Q

What forms the mid part of bulbus cordis & outflow tracks of both ventricles?

A

conus cordis

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44
Q

What forms the distal part of bulbus corids & proximal aorta & pulmonary trunk?

A

truncus arteriosus

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45
Q

What forms b/w the conus cordis & tuncus arteriosus to separate them into aorta & pulmonary trunk?

A

endocardial cushions form conotruncal/bulbar ridge with conotruncal septum (neural crest) (pg 10)

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46
Q

What will the aortic sac form?

A

distal aorta

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47
Q

The growth of bulbus cordis is controlled by what?

A

neural crest cells

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48
Q

What day does the heart tube begin to bend? (and week)

A

day 23 ,week 4

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49
Q

What direction does the heart tube fold?

A

counter clockwise

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50
Q

What causes the heart to fold counterclockwise?

A

the bulbus cordis and primitive left ventricle grow faster than other parts of tube

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51
Q

What is the name of the congenital defect where heart apex is located on right side of body due to improper rotation (clockwise) of the heart tube?

A

Dextrocardia

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52
Q

Describe Dextrocardia

A

Rotates CW instead of CCW
congenital defect where heart apex is located on right side of body due to improper rotation (clockwise) of the heart tube

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53
Q

What is Dextrocardia of embryonic arrest?

A

heart is shifted slightly more to right than normal

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54
Q

What is Dextrocardia situs invertus?

A

heart is a mirror image of normal heart but on right side

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55
Q

What is dextrocardia situs invertus totalis?

A

the viscera is reversed, but is it rarely perfectly reversed so usually associated with congenital heart defects

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56
Q

What forces the atria superiorly?

A

cardiac looping

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57
Q

the atrioventricular canal allows blood to flow from where to where?

A

sinus venousus to truncus arteriosus

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58
Q

What causes partitioning of the AV canal?

A

cardiac jelly

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59
Q

What week does the AV canal get partitioned, forming primtiive atrium and ventricle?

A

mid4th to end of 5th

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60
Q

by the end of the 4th week, what form the endothelial cells of heart that are transformed into mesenchymal cells?

A

dorsal & ventral endocardial cushions

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61
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral endocardial cushions do as they grow?

A

they merge together

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62
Q

what forms when the endocardial cushions merge together as they grow?

A

form septum intermedium w/ right & left atrioventricular canals

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63
Q

As the heart grows and there is more cardiac looping, describe the affect on the AV canal

A

heart wall size is increased, septum intermedium & AV canals shift left

64
Q

If the septum intermedium doesn’t form, what happens?

A

the heart won’t form

65
Q

What is septum intermedium made of?

A

VLPM

66
Q

What forms the AV valves?

A

dense mesenchyme which comes from cardiac jelly

67
Q

What happens to common atria at end of 4th week?

A

it divides into 2

68
Q

What divides the atrium into 2 but leaves an opening?

A

septum primum

69
Q

What is the opening that is left by the septum primum when it makes atrium called?

A

foramen primum

70
Q

what is the foramen primum?

A

a shunt to bipass lungs, allows blood to go b/w left and right atria

71
Q

what will happen to upper part of septum primum?

A

it will disappear

72
Q

what is the name of the second membrane that grows down to the right of septum primum?

A

septum secundum

73
Q

what will septum primum eventually fuse with and form?

A

fuses with endocardial cushions and form septum intermedium

74
Q

as the septum primum fuses with endocardial cushions, what else happens that allow continuous flow of oxygenated blood to left and right atrium?

A

openings develop in central part of septum primium - they are called foramen secundum

75
Q

What is the name of the second muscular membrane to the right of the septum primum?

A

septum secondum

76
Q

pressure after birth causes fusion of what with what?

A

septum primum with septum secundum

77
Q

the septum secundum creates what fossa and how?

A

fossa ovale - creates it when the lower segment of secundum receeds

78
Q

The “upper limb” and “lower limb” are part of what?

A

septum secundum

79
Q

How does septum secundum form?

A

grows down from septum premum and up from septum intermedium

80
Q

How does lower limb form? (heart)

A

incorporation of sinus horns into right atrium

81
Q

When openings develop in the central part of septum primium it allows what?

A

continuous flow of oxygenated blood to left atrium

82
Q

where does blood flow in right left shunt?

A

from right atrium to left atrium

83
Q

what must always be preserved until the atrial wall is fully formed?

A

right-left shunt

84
Q

What does ASD stand for?

A

atrial septal defect

85
Q

What is the most common type of ASD?

A

Ostium secundum atrial septal defect

86
Q

What causes Ostium secundum atrial septal defect?

A

Excessive reabsorption of septum primum
or
incomplete development of septum secundum

87
Q

What is the result of Ostium secundum ASD?

A

left to right shunt mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood in center of atrial septum

88
Q

What causes Ostium primum ASD?

A

Non-fusion of septum primum with septum intermedium

89
Q

What is the result of ostium primum ASD?

A

lower portion of atrial septum: left to right shunt mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood
tricuspid valve cleft

90
Q

what is a tricuspid valve cleft

A

elongated hole in anterior leaflet

91
Q

What causes patent foramen ovale (PFO)?

A

Smaller than Ostium secundum ASD

-Foramen ovale doesn’t seal at limbus

92
Q

What is the result of PFO?

A

Left → Right shunt mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

93
Q

Can PFO fix itself?

A

if it is small it may fix itself, if it larger might need surgery

94
Q

What causes hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

A

-Premature closure of foramen ovale

95
Q

What is the result of hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

A

Prevents blood from reaching left heart so its underdeveloped and right heart is enlarged
Incompatible with post natal life

96
Q

During the process to have atrial openings, what happens on the venous ends initially?

A

sinus venosus open into middle of primitive right atria

right and left horn of equal size

97
Q

What 3 veins go off of the equally sized right and left horn off of the sinus venosus?

A

umbilical vein
vitelline vein
common cardinal vein (and anterior and posterior)

98
Q

What does the umbilical vein do when it comes off of the left and right sinus venous horn?

A

carries oxygenated blood from palcenta

99
Q

What does the vitelline vein do when it comes off the left and right sinus venous horn?

A

drains yolk sac

100
Q

What does the common cardinal vein do when it comes off of the left and right sinus venous horn?

A

anterior cardinal vein drains head and neck

posterior cardinal vein drains trunk

101
Q

As time passes what happens to the two horns (that come off of sinus venous) regarding their size?

A

right horn increases in size

left horn decreases, parts of it will merge with right

102
Q

The sinoatrial orifice moves and opens into what?

A

it opens into what will become the right atrium

103
Q

What will the anterior cardinal vein become?

A

SVC

104
Q

What will the posterior cardinal vein become?

A

IVC

105
Q

What part of the heart gives rise to the anterior rough part?

A

right half → primitive atrium

106
Q

the sinuatrial orifice from right horn opens into what?

A

right atrium

107
Q

how is the sinus verarum formed?

A

right valve of right horn & septum intermedium smoothing over most of right atria

108
Q

How is the right atria divided internally and externally?

A

crista terminalis internally

terminal sulcus externally

109
Q

The rough part of atria is made of what?

A

pectinate muscles

110
Q

Absorption of the right horn of the sinus venosus gives rise to what?

A

the posterior smooth part or sinus venarum part and right half of the Atrioventricular canal (A-V canal)

111
Q

Besides absorption of the right horn of sinus venosus, what else gives rise to AV canal

A

endocardial cushions

112
Q

Inferior part of the right sinuatrial valve forms what?

A

the valves of IVC and coronary sinus

113
Q

What forms the rough part of left atria?

A

trabeculated auricle

114
Q

Primordial pulmonary veins are an outgrowth of what?

A

dorsal left atrial wall (just left to septum primum)

115
Q

primordial pulmonary veins will eventually develop a connection with what?

A

developing lung buds

116
Q

As the left atrium grows what veins are incorporated into it?

A

pulmonary veins

117
Q

Is most of the left atria smooth or rough and why?

A

smooth - incorporation of primordial pulmonary vein into enlarging left atrial wall

118
Q

The left half of the AV canal is mainly from what?

A

endocardial cushions

119
Q

What will form the adult muscular part of IV septum?

A

primordial interventricular septum

120
Q

Initial growth of the primitive ventricle partition is due to what?

A

enlargement of the ventricular walls

121
Q

further enlargement of the primitive ventricle partition is due to what?

A

myoblast activity in the septum

122
Q

What is another name for ventricular septum?

A

Primitive ventricle partition

123
Q

What are the two parts of the ventricular septal wall?

A

muscular & membranous part

124
Q

When does the interventricular close by?

A

week 7

125
Q

what closes the interventricular foramen at week 7?

A

membranous IV septum

126
Q

portions of ventricular wall break up to make what 3 things

A

trabeculae carnea, papillary muscles and chordae tendinae

127
Q

left umbilical vein forms what

A

round ligament of liver

128
Q

what allows blood to bipass the liver

A

ductus venosus shunt

129
Q

what does ductus venosus shunt carry

A

blood

130
Q

right and left recurrent larngeal nerve come off of what two totally different areas

A

right: proximal part of sublavian artery
left:

131
Q

what makes up majority of foramen ovale?

A

septum primium & septum segundum

132
Q

Describe lymph in developing embryo

A

see pg 52-55 in cardiovascular power point

133
Q

do supracardinal veins form the right sublavian artery?

A

no

134
Q

what do supracardinal veins form?

A

azygous & hemiazygous

135
Q

Does ligmentum arteriosum shunt blood?

A

no

136
Q

after birth what happens to ductus arteriosum

A

becomes ligmentum arteriosum

137
Q

what happens to the third and fourth arotic arch

A

they stick around

138
Q

what happens to first and second and fifth aortic arch

A

they disappear

139
Q

what forms descending aorta

A

dorsal aorta

140
Q

The hepatic sinusoids that can be observed histologically in an adult liver are derived from which veins

A

vitelline veins

141
Q

How soon should the ductus arteriosus close after birth?

A

1-2 hours

142
Q

What is the coronary sinus derived from?

A

the sinus venosus.

143
Q

What is the smooth part of the right ventricle called

A

conus arteriosus

144
Q

What is the conus arteriosus (smooth part of right ventricle) derived from?

A

bulbus cordis

145
Q

What is the proximal part of the aorta derived from

A

truncus arteriosus

146
Q

What is the trabeculated part of the right ventricle

derived from?

A

primitive ventricle

147
Q

Muscular VSD is caused by perforations in what septa

A

muscular interventricular septum.

148
Q

What are the four things that characterize the tetraology of fallot?

A
  1. Pulmonary stenosis- narrow right ventricular region
    1. Interventricular septal defect
    2. Overriding of the Aorta
    3. Right ventricular hypertrophy
149
Q

A partial development of the AP septum results in what?

A

Persistent truncus arteriosus

150
Q

What clinical correlation is it if the conotruncal septum is missing?

A

persistent truncus arteriosus

151
Q

misalignment of bulboconal and ventricular septa and underdeveloped endocardial cushions is what pathology?

A

membranous ventricular septal defect

152
Q

The proximal part of the internal carotid artery is derived from which aortic arch?

A

3

153
Q

The proximal part of the right subclavian artery is derived from what aortic arch?

A

4

154
Q

portal vein is derived from what vein?

A

right vitelline vein

155
Q

Superior mesenteric vein is derived from what?

A

vitelline veins

156
Q

What are the renal veins derived from?

A

subcardinal veins

Embryology (16 decks)

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