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Embryology > Head & NeckDevelopment > Flashcards

Head & NeckDevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the other name for pharyngeal arches

A

brachial arches

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2
Q

why is viscerocranium unique

A

bones come from neural crest cells

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3
Q

the aortic arches perfuse and form what

A

pharyngeal arches

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4
Q

what pharyngeal arches are there

A

1, 2, 3, 4, 6

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5
Q

what nerve is from first pharyngeal arch

A

CN V2-3

trigeminal

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6
Q

what do CNV2-3 supply

A

muscles of mastication

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7
Q

what nerve comes from second pharynggeal arch

A

CN VII

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8
Q

What nerve comes from third pharyngeal arch

A

CN IX

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9
Q

What nerve comes from fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch

A

CN X

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10
Q

what muscles does VII supply

A

facial expression

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11
Q

are pharyngeal arches bilateral?

A

yes

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12
Q

at the end of 8th week what is done

A

organogenesis

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13
Q

at 4th week what is baby called

A

embryo

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14
Q

pharyngeal arches extend from what to what

A

stromoderm to respiratory diverticuluum

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15
Q

what goes into mesenchymal core?

A

neural crest cells
ectodermal placodes & neural crest cells
lateral plate mesoderm
paraxial mesoderm

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16
Q

what radiates into mesenchymal core

A

neural crest cells

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17
Q

what does neural crest cells form onec it goes into mesenchymal core

A

cartialge, bone, skeletal muscles, CT, nerves

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18
Q

all the tendons of muscle in face are directly influenced by what

A

neural crest cells

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19
Q

what does lateral plate mesoderm form

A

vasculature

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20
Q

what specific blood vessels enter mesenchymal core

A

pharyngeal arteries

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21
Q

paraxial mesoderm helps form what

A

craniofacial skeletal muscle & bone

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22
Q

ectodermal placodes and neural crest cells formw hat

A

neurons of CN V, VII, IX, X cranial sensory ganglia

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23
Q

what happens after things enter mesenchymal core

A

that is an intermeidate step - they go there and then go to target organs

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24
Q

visceral cranium is formed from what

A

neural crest cells

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25
Q

what is everything else in neurocranium formed from

A

paraxial mesoderm & neural crest cells

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26
Q

what is difference b/w somatomeres and somites functionally

A

nothing

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27
Q

what muscle groups skip the pharyngeal arches completely

A

tongue & extraocular eye muscles

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28
Q

which arch helps form viscerocranium

A

Arch 1

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29
Q

what is arch 1 called

A

mandibular arch

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30
Q

maxillary prominence helps form what

A

muscles of mastication

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31
Q

maxillary prominence’s mesenchyme helps form what

A

maxilla, zygomatic, temporal bones

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32
Q

99% of meckel’s cartilage does what

A

goes away

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33
Q

why do we have meckel’s cartialge if we get rid of most of it

A

some things fomr from it like incus, malleus, sphenomandibular ligament

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34
Q

mandible is formed from what

A

membranous ossification of mesenchymal tissue

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35
Q

meckel’s cartilage does not form what

A

mandible

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36
Q

what forms mandible

A

the mesenchymal tissue surrounding meckels’ cartilage

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37
Q

what 3 things does meckel’s crtialge make

A

incus, malleus, sphenomandibular ligament

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38
Q

what is arch 2 called

A

hyoid arch

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39
Q

what does reichert’s cartilage form

A

styloid process, stapes, most of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament

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40
Q

what is the second part to pharyngeal arches

A

pharyngeal pouches & clefts/grooves

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41
Q

inner lining of pharyngeal arch 2 is what

A

a pouch

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42
Q

outside of pharyngeal arch 2 is what

A

cleft

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43
Q

what happens to most of cleft and pouch

A

they go away

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44
Q

what does 1st pouch form

A

epithelial lining of middle & outer ear, tympanic membrane, pharygotympanic tube

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45
Q

tympanic membrane is the only structure in entire body derived from what

A

all 3 germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, mesdoderm

46
Q

external ear is lined with what

A

skin (ectoderm)

47
Q

middle ear is lined with what

A

endoderm

48
Q

in b/w external and middle ear is what

A

mesoderm

49
Q

what does 2nd pouch help form

A

epithelial lining of palantine tonsil

50
Q

1st arch is lined and filled with what

A

ectoderm

51
Q

parathyrodi and thyms will descend to where

A

final position

52
Q

when will parathyroid and thymus make its descent

A

to final position by week 7

53
Q

what does 3rd pouch form

A

epithelial components of thymus gland and inferior parathyroid gland

54
Q

what does 4th pouch form

A

superior parathyroid gland & parafolliclular cells of thyroid

55
Q

what does 5th & 6th pouch form

A

nothing

56
Q

what separates stromoderm from pharyngeal foregut

A

oropharyngeal membrane aka buchopharyngeal membrane

57
Q

the mandibular prominenc must do what

A

fuse together

58
Q

why does mandibular prominence need to fuse together

A

everything else uses it as scaffolding - if it doesn’t form everything else collapses

59
Q

after mandibular prominence is fused together, what happesn

A

maxillary prominneces fuse together

60
Q

how do maxillary prominences fuse

A

upward and medial

61
Q

medial nasal primineces are formed by what

A

maxillary prominnces fused together

62
Q

lateral nasa prominenes fuse with what

A

maxillary prominences

63
Q

when lateral and maxillary prominences fuse they force what duct inward

A

nasolacrimal duct

64
Q

what is nasolacrimal duct origin

A

ectoderm (forced down by lateral and maxillary prominence)

65
Q

nose is formed from what

A

frontal nasal prominences (bridge of nose

66
Q

what forms crest and tip of nose

A

medial nasal prominsne

67
Q

what forms ala of nose

A

lateral nasal prominence

68
Q

what form upper li and cheeks

A

maxillary prominence

69
Q

what form chin, lower lip, lower cheek region

A

mandibular prominence

70
Q

primary palate fuses with what

A

secondary palate

71
Q

primary, secondary, and nasal septum are all occuring

A

at the same time

72
Q

if medial nasal primence does not fuse with maxillary nasa primences what is clincal correlation

A

cleft lip

73
Q

if secondary palate does not fuse with other or with primary palate what is it

A

cleft palate

74
Q

More severe deformity where non-fusion extends to maxilla (between 1o and 2o palate) and can be unilateral or bilateral is what

A

cleft lip & palate

75
Q

in bilateral cleft lip and palate what is only thing holding it in place

A

nasal septum

76
Q

2 medial nasal prominences fail to fuse and often accompanied by mental retardation is what clinical correlation?

A

medial clefted upper lip

77
Q

Nasolacrimal duct remains exposed due to the lateral nasal process failing to fuse with the maxillary process and can occur along with a cleft lip is what clincal correlation

A

oblique facial cleft

78
Q

what is mesoderm beinf formed from that makes the nose

A

neural crest cells

79
Q

describe what nasal pits/sac ectoderm does as it grows

A

grows inward through mesoderm of frontonasal priminece

80
Q

tongue is lined with what

A

skin

81
Q

why is tongue lined with skin

A

pharyngeal arch 1

82
Q

what is difference in pharyngeal arch 1

A

lined with ectoderm

83
Q

tuberculum impar helps form what

A

body of tongue

84
Q

hypobranchial eminence is from which pharyngeal arhches

A

2-4

85
Q

what is unique about occipital somites

A

they do not go through pharyngeal arches

86
Q

what kind of muscle is occiptal somites

A

skeletal

87
Q

posterior 1/3 of tongue is initially formed from what

A

arch 2-4

88
Q

on posterior 1/3 of tongue what is is made out of initially

A

arches 2-4

89
Q

is there any pharyngeal arch 2 derivitive in pofinal formation of otongue & why?

A

no, pharyngeal arch 3 overgorws all of arch 2 and most of 4

90
Q

does all paraxial mesoderm go directly to target and do not enter pharyngeal arches?

A

no

91
Q

does arotic arches enter pharyngeal arhces first?

A

no

92
Q

epithelial lining of salivary glands si formed from what

A

pharyngeal arch’s pouches & grooves + other stuff

93
Q

correct formation of face requires what to be formed first

A

mandibular prominence

94
Q

is mouth part of GI tract embryolgically

A

no

95
Q

why is mouth not part of GI tract embryologically

A

does not have endoderm inside and VLPM outside - mouth has skeletal muscles (from pharyngeal arches)

96
Q

why is nasal lacrimal duct ectoderm

A

it’s pushed back, formed initially from skin and is forced inward by fusion of lateral nasal prominence and maxillary

97
Q

why is nasal lacrimal duct ectoderm

A

it’s pushed back, formed initially from skin and is forced inward by fusion of lateral nasal prominence and maxillary

98
Q

what is unique thing about pharyngeal arches compared to the rest of embryo

A

all the pieces coming form all different places mix together and connect and then go to their target organs

99
Q

what is unique thing about pharyngeal arches compared to the rest of embryo

A

all the pieces coming form all different places mix together at the same time and connect and then go to their target organs (vs. in limbs where things come in in sequential order)

100
Q

what is unique thing about pharyngeal arches compared to the rest of embryo

A

all the pieces coming form all different places mix together at the same time and connect and then go to their target organs (vs. in limbs where things come in in sequential order)

101
Q

the pouches and cleft form epithelial lining of what

A

glands (all of them)

102
Q

what skeletal structures does first arch form

A 
malleus
incus
maxilla
mandible
zygomatic bone
part of temporal
103
Q

what muscles does first arch form

A 
muscles of mastication
mylohyoid 
anterior belly of digastric
tensor tympani
tensor veli palatini
104
Q

what ligaments does first arch form

A

anterior ligament of malleus

sphenomandibular ligament

105
Q

what muscles does second arch form

A

muscles of facial expression
stapedius
stylohyoid
posterior belly of digastric

106
Q

what skeletal structures does second arch form

A

stapes
styloid process
lesser cornu of hyoid
upper part of body of hyoid bone

107
Q

what ligament does the second arch form

A

stylohyoid ligament

108
Q

what muscle does the third arch form

A

stylopharyngeus

109
Q

what skeletal structure does the third arch form

A

greater cornu of hyoid

lower part of body of hyoid bone

110
Q

what muscles do 4th and 6th arch form

A 
cricothyroid
levator veli palatini
contrictors of pharynx
intrinsic muscles of larynx
striated muscles of esophagus
111
Q

what skeletal structures do 4th and 6th arch form

A 
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
corniculate cartilage
cuneiform cartilage

Embryology (16 decks)

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