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Embryology > Musculoskeletal & limb development > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal & limb development Flashcards

1
Q

Periaxial mesoderm forms what

A

neurocranium & torso

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2
Q

paraxial mesoderm initially forms ____ which tontinue to form beginning week 4 to form ___

A

somitomeres

somites

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3
Q

What is the difference b/w somitomeres and somites

A

somitomeres are not as organized

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4
Q

what is the nature of somite and its components

A

segmented - are discreet

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5
Q

sclerotome differentiates into what

A

cartilage, bone, joints of axial skeleton, neurocranium

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6
Q

what part of body has sclerotom and somite?

A

spine

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7
Q

does spinal cord or neural tube move?

A

no

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8
Q

what moves around the spinal cord

A

sclerotome

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9
Q

as the neck grows what happens to the vertebrae

A

vertebrae will float up

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10
Q

what happens to myotome as baby grows

A

muscles stretch - muscles dont float up with vertebrae as spinal cord gets bigger, they stretch

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11
Q

what happens to arteries in back as baby grows

A

they will stretch with the muscles

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12
Q

what happens to nerves in back as baby grows

A

they will stretch

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13
Q

where do ribs originate from?

A

back - grow from thoracic vertebra in paraxial mesoderm

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14
Q

where do ribs grow through

A

the lateral plate mesoderm

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15
Q

why is sternum unique?***

A

It comes from parietal lateral plate mesoderm

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16
Q

neurocranium is formed from what two parts

A

paraxial mesoderm & neurocrest cells

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17
Q

what is viscercanium formed from

A

neural crest cells only

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18
Q

limb buds derived from what**

A

parietal lateral plate mesoderm

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19
Q

what week are limb bones and CT formed

A

6-8

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20
Q

what is the last thing to form after bone

A

arteries and nerves

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21
Q

Myotome is divided into what two things

A

ventrolateral lip & dorsomedial lip

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22
Q

ventrolaterl lip forms what

A

msucles in front (limb and torso)

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23
Q

dorsomedial lip forms what

A

muscles in back

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24
Q

paraxial mesoderm from somite migrate from somatomeres down to what

A

pharyngeal arches

25
Q

skeletal muscles of face go through what

A

pharyngeal arches

26
Q

do skeletal muscle of torso touch pharyngeal arches

A

no

27
Q

what innervate the muscles in the pharyngeal arches

A

cranial nerves

28
Q

where is hypomere located

A

anterior body

29
Q

by 5th week, dorsomedial myoblasts collect into what region

A

epimere

30
Q

by end of 5th week ventrolateral myoblasts develop into what

A

hypomere muscles of anterior body

31
Q

dorsomedial myoblasts form what

A

muscles of dorsal body

32
Q

dorsomedial myoblasts form what

A

muscles of dorsal body

33
Q

in the torso do muscles keep their segmented nature

A

yes

34
Q

what forms limb

A

ectoderm, parietal laterl plate mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm

35
Q

what is not a part of the limb

A

endoderm

36
Q

is endoderm part of the limb

A

no

37
Q

before muscles grow out what is there

A

CT core, bones, then the muscles come in

38
Q

what is at the end of the primitve rim that sends out signals to tell it to grow and not diffeerentiate

A

apical ectodermal ridg

39
Q

what is responsible for proximal-distal length of limg

A

apical ectodermal ridge

40
Q

what does AER stand for

A

apical ectodermal ridge

41
Q

Why do we all have the thumb on the same side

A

induction signals from retinoic acid that forms gradient so you know which side of limb to put thumb, etc

42
Q

what is the importance of retinoic acid

A

creates gradient so things develop in right spot

43
Q

lateral has what kind of levels of reinoic acid and why si that important

A

high, it tells body where to put thumb, pinky, etc.

44
Q

upper limbs rotate how many degrees and what direction

A

90 degrees dorsolaterally

45
Q

common interosseaus does what initially

A

perfuses entire upper limb bud

46
Q

what does median artery replace

A

common interosseus as main arterial supply of hand

47
Q

what replaces median artery

A

radial and ulnar

48
Q

what arteries of upper limb are formed last

A

deep artery of arm and joint arteries

49
Q

ischiadic artery starts where

A

high up in gluteal region

50
Q

what does ishiadic artery perfuse intiially

A

entire lower limb

51
Q

why isnt there direct blood supply of posterior thigh

A

ishiadic artery supplie and then disappears in adulthood

52
Q

what does ishiaidic form before regressing

A

anterior tibial & inferior gluteal & foot anastomosis

53
Q

what is cardiac smooth muscle formed from

A

VLPM

54
Q

do hypomere muscle masses form anterior torso muscles

A

yes

55
Q

Apical ectodermal ridge forms what

A

a structure that forms from the ectodermal cells at the distal end of each limb bud and acts as a major signaling center to ensure proper development of a limb.

56
Q

what forms lateral medial proximal distal

A

retinoic acid

57
Q

What induces the adjacent mesoderm to continue to proliferate and remain undifferentiated in the proximal-distal limb axis?

A

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

58
Q

Mesodermal regions will only differentiate into specific structures when what is gone?

A

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

Embryology (16 decks)

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