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Embryology > Review 4.7 > Flashcards

Review 4.7 Flashcards

1
Q

where does the PGC begin

A

epiblast layer

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2
Q

when does epiblast and hypoblast and the PGC starting begin (what week)

A

week 2

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3
Q

how long does it take for PGC to reach primtiive streak1

A

1 week

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4
Q

how does PGC get from dorsal wall of yolk sac to gonadal ridges?

A

hitches ride on hindgut mesentary

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5
Q

what is the genital ridges formed from

A

urogenital system

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6
Q

**know the chart by heart about the trilaminar disk

A

pg 2 & 3 of trilaminar disk lecture

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7
Q

a PGC what is number of chromosomes and N number

A

46, 2N

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8
Q

genital ridge is subdivision of what

A

subogenital ridge

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9
Q

once PGC is in genital ridges what is division

A

mitosis

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10
Q

why does it take roundabout pathway to get to genital ridge

A

everything is rapidly dividing

genital ridge isn’t there in week 2 won’t be there until week 5 or 6

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11
Q

primordial germ cells become what

A

oogonia or spermatogonia

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12
Q

when do we know gender

A

when PGC reach genital ridge

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13
Q

when does meiosis I start in women

A

5th month of intereuterine life

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14
Q

when does meiosis I start in males

A

puberty

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15
Q

what type of follicles does a primary oocyte have

A

primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle

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16
Q

when does primary oocyte change to secondary oocyte (what follicle)

A

tertiary follicle

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17
Q

how many of 15 -20 make to to tertiary follicle

A

1

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18
Q

genetically there’s no difference b/w what regarding female meiosis

A

polar body and oocyte

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19
Q

what is clinical correlation if part of chromsome is loss during crossing over

A

mutant gene

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20
Q

be able to talk about mutant genes

A

nondisjunction - describe what can happen if this happens

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21
Q

total # polar body at end

A

3

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22
Q

are each of spermatids equally likely to fertilize

A

yes

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23
Q

if spermatids are injected into ampulla of uterine tube what is chance for pregnancy?

A

0% - it hasnt undergone activation process yet

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24
Q

what do spermatids need to undergo in order to be able to fertilize egg

A

activation process

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25
Q

what is activation process

A

change in body work of spermatid

no change in genetics

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26
Q

identify genetial ridge

A

pg 4 in review

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27
Q

where is the caeolimic epiehtlium come from

A

eurogenital intermediate mesoderm

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28
Q

what are testis cords formed from

A

intermediate mesoderm

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29
Q

what happens to solid testis cords

A

they will hollow out and form seminiferous tublules

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30
Q

what will seminiferous tubules form

A

rete testis

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31
Q

rete testis, etc is formed from what

A

intermeidate mesodrm

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32
Q

what is epididymus formed from

A

mesonephric duct (which still comes from intermediate mesoderm)

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33
Q

what happens ot most of mesonephric duct

A

goes away - tiny peice formes epididymus

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34
Q

what does mesonephric duct come from

A

intermediate mesoderm

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35
Q

what is spermiogeneis

A

rounded spermatids become eloganted spermatazoa

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36
Q

is there any change in nuclear/genetic structure in spermiogenesis

A

none

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37
Q

what is the capacitation reaction/proces

A

acrosomal head is revealed
It occurs after sperm enters female genital tract
(decapitate sounds like capacitation, probably same root word)

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38
Q

what three things does the sperm need to go through

A

corona radiata
zonua pellucida
membrane of secondary oocyte itself

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39
Q

in female everything is formed from what

A

intermediate mesoderm (except PGC)

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40
Q

why do we need primary cords in female even though its not used

A

its step by step process, need to develop in order for secondary cords

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41
Q

what type of follicle is this?

A

identify - pg 7

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42
Q

what is difference b/w primoridal and secondary follicle genetially

A

nothing

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43
Q

what are the granular cells in secondary follicle called

A

cumulus oophorus

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44
Q

what should be there in tertiary follicel

A

secondary oocyte + polar body

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45
Q

after ovulation what will become the corpus leuteum

A

theca externa & theca interna

the theca + granulosa cells will become corpus leuteum

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46
Q

if there is no fertilization what does corpus leuteum become

A

corpus albicans

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47
Q

after fertilization occurs, as soon as male DNA is excreted into secondary oocyte, what happens

A

finish meisos II
form male and female pronuclei
once they fuse its now called zygote (instead of ovum)
then zygote forms two blastomeres

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48
Q

from blastomere stage on what is process of division

A

mitosis

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49
Q

cell# 8-16 stage what is it called

A

morula

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50
Q

what is wrapped around the blastomeres

A

zona pellucida

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51
Q

what is the process the morula undergoes

A

compaction

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52
Q

what is formed during compaction

A

inner call mass & outer cell mass

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53
Q

what is another word for inner cell mast

A

embryoblast

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54
Q

when compaction process occurs what is it called

A

blastocyst

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55
Q

is blastocystic cavity the same thing as primary yolk sac

A

no

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56
Q

primary yolk sac has what forming inner layer

A

hypoblast cells

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57
Q

blastocyst comes into body of uterus, where should implantation occur

A

superior posterior wall of uterus

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58
Q

before implantation occurs, what must be shed

A

zona pellucida

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59
Q

what is keeping endometrium developed?

A

estrogen and progesterone feeding back from corpus leuteum

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60
Q

embryoblast splits into what

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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61
Q

what is first system to develop

A

reproductive

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62
Q

what is second system to develop

A

cardiovascular

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63
Q

what developes after cardiovascular system

A

nervous

64
Q

what part of baby is formed from hypoblast

A

NONE

65
Q

every part of hypobalst forms what

A

extraembryonic structures - esp. fetal side of placenta and inner lining of primary yolk sac

66
Q

the mature or developing trophoblast divides into what

A

inner cytotrphoblast & outer synctiophroblast

67
Q

what is process that causes hypobalst cells to go down laterally

A

arrival of definitive endoderm

68
Q

identify primary and secondary yolk sac

A

pg 10

69
Q

inner lining of secondary yolk sac is what

A

hypoblast cells

70
Q

hypoblast cells form what in yolk sac

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

71
Q

hypoblast cell form what lining outside of yolk sac

A

visceral extraembryonic mesoderm

72
Q

identify parietal and visceral embryonic mesoderm

A

pg 10 of review

or pg 9 of 2nd 3rd week

73
Q

what forms connecting stalk

A

1/2 from pareital extraembryoinc mesoderm

1/2 from visceral extramebyonic mesoderm

74
Q

what is this cavity (shown by moon ) pg 10

A

chorionic cavity

75
Q

in week 3 what 3 major things happen

A
  1. appearance of definitive primitive streak in epiblast layer
  2. development of notocord
  3. differentiation of three germ layers (gastrulation)
76
Q

what is it called when three germ layers differentiate

A

gastrulation

77
Q

where does notochord come from

A

mesoderm cells

78
Q

fetal side only of placenta is formed form what three layers

A
  1. parietal extramebryonic mesoderm
  2. cytrotrophoblast
  3. syncytiotrphoblast
79
Q

what happens when hole are poked into synctiotrophoblast

A

lacunae

80
Q

as hole are put - lacunae what happens

A

blood flows in and allows circulation

81
Q

what is difference b/w primary, secondary, tertiary villi**

A
  • Primary villi- STB and CTB
  • Secondary villi- STB, CTB, Parietal extraembryonic mesoderm (PEEM)

-Tertiary villi- STB, CTB, PEEM, capillaries in PEEM,
capillary lining forming placental membrane

82
Q

which villi is most priminent at end of pregnancy

A

tertiary villi

83
Q

where do all 3 layers (endoerm, ectoderm, mesoderm) come from

A

epiblast

84
Q

what does endoderm do to hypoblast

A

pushes hypoblast cells to yolk sac

85
Q

mesoderm cells flow like water how

A

from back to front

86
Q

what don’t move from the 3 layers of epiblast

A

ectoderm

87
Q

what is this area going to become? pg 15 blue circle

A

gut tube

88
Q

head fold starts to bend and helps to divdie what

A

cephalic flexure

89
Q

what does tail fold help do

A

helps form cervical flexure

90
Q

what else does tail fold regarding allantois

A

forces allantois into connecting stalk

91
Q

if if the vitellointestinal stalk is not pinched off right what is the pathology

A

meckels’ diverticulum

92
Q

entire body cavity is formed b/w primitive space b/w what two things

A

visceral and pareital laterl plate mesoderm

93
Q

what process enlarges the primitive body cavities

A

lateral folding

94
Q

what does lateral folding help do

A

form midgut

95
Q

what is this pg 17

A

notocord

96
Q

normally lateral fold will do what in ventral surface

A

fuse

97
Q

heart and lungs are asc. or desc.

A

descending

98
Q

as heart and lungs descend what are they doing

A

pushing septum transversum down

99
Q

as septum transversum being pushed down what happens

A

lungs burwo through pericardial pleural canal

100
Q

what will it form when the lungs are pushing through the pericardial canal (septum transversum)

A

form visceral pleura

101
Q

as heart goes from back to front it will peel off peice of mesentary

A

pleural pericardial folds

102
Q

pleural pericardial folds fuse together to form what

A

fibrous and parietal pericardium

103
Q

in the pericardial folds are what two things

A
  1. phrenic nerve

2. common cardinal vein

104
Q

what is innervation of pericardium

A

phrenic nerve

105
Q

what does common cardinal vein form

A

SVC

106
Q

identify septum transversum

A

pg 19

107
Q

fibrous and muscular part of diaphraghm are connected, where do they originate? what pathology could occur?

A

two different sources

congenital diaphragmatic hernias are common

108
Q

gauge marks (from lungs making visceral pleura) are filled in with what

A

myoblasts

109
Q

pleural peritoneal membrane is from what

A

perital lateral plate emesoderm

110
Q

septum transversum is from what

A

VLPM

111
Q

myoblasts are from what

A

pariaxial mesoderm

112
Q

anytime the fibrous and muscular part of diaphragm don’t join, what happens?

A

diaphgramatic hernia

113
Q

is mouth embryolgically part of GI system

A

no

114
Q

why isn’t mouth part of GI system embryoligcally

A

it’s not endoerm inside

VLPM outside

115
Q

what is mouth made of

A

skeletal msucles (paraxial mesoderm)

116
Q

pharyngeal arch 1 comes in and what does pharyngeal arch 2 does what

A

migrates

117
Q

all the pahryngeal arches have what come into them

A

all the arteries and veins - they go to pharyngeal arches before going to their targets

118
Q

bucoorynpharingeal membrane is what

A

physical separation from GI tract from the mouth

119
Q

eventually bucopharyngeal membrane will do what

A

rupture - allowing amniotic fludi to flow through

120
Q

what is pink pg 21

A

endoerm

121
Q

gut wall is what

A

VLPM

122
Q

if there is a bud off GI tract it is what

A

enderm inside

VLPM outside

123
Q

name exmple of organs budding off GI tract

A 
lungs
pancreas
bladder
liver
urethra of male
male & female GI tract
124
Q

what happens if there is improper esophageal recanalization?

A

esophageal atresia

125
Q

what is esophageal atrea example of regarindg congenital abnormalities

A

disruption

126
Q

what is the major mover of the foregut

A

dorsal or back of stomach divides faster than front, it goes in clockwise rotation

127
Q

how does stomach turn

A

clockwise 90 degrees

128
Q

what is only part of ventral mesentary left over

A

falciform triangular ligaments

lesser omentum

129
Q

is spleen part of GI tract embryoligically

A

No

BUT it is moved by foregut

130
Q

is spleen moved with foregut

A

yes

131
Q

everything in GI tract it:

A

endoderm inside

VLPM outside

132
Q

suprarenal glands are from GI tract?

A

No

133
Q

due to development of what major structure that forces midgut out

A

gonads - urinary system

134
Q

what will be affected by midgut and rotation of midgut loop?**

A

only midgut

135
Q

will first part of duodenum be affected by gonad/urinary development pushing stuff out

A

no

136
Q

will descending colon be affected by gonad/urinary developiment pushing stuff out

A

no

137
Q

what does cloacal membrane form at end of hindgut

A

dentate/pectinate line

138
Q

what does dentat/pectinate line mean

A

end of hindgut, beginning of proctoderm

139
Q

above pectonate line innervation is

A

autonomic

140
Q

below pectonate line innervation is

A

pudenal

141
Q

identify stuff on pg 27

A

pg 27

142
Q

what are two most important structures coming from urogenital sinus

A

bladder

urethra

143
Q

What is the Acrosome reaction/process

A

When sperm binds to zona pellucida of secondary oocyte - allows it to digest through zona pellucida & sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm

144
Q

why do mesoderm cells start in the back?

A

that is where primitive streak is

145
Q

what are two most important things head fold forms/does?

A

shifts heart from dorsal to ventral

takes a little piece that will form foregut

146
Q

What will the vessels of allantosis form?

A

umbilical vessels

147
Q

Pg 15 of review, red circle

What is the pathology that occurs here if the vitellointestinal stalk is not pinched off correctly

A

meckels’ diverticulum

148
Q

What is a superior section defect of ventral lateral folding?

A

ectopia cordis

149
Q

What is ectopia cordis?

A

ventral body wall defect

heart lies outside body

150
Q

What are two middle section defect of ventral wall & lateral folding?

A

Gastroschisis

Omphalocele

151
Q

What is Omphalocele?

A

ventral body wall defect

Herniation of the abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring

152
Q

What is Gastroschisis?

A

body wall closure failure in abdominal region with intestines in amniotic cavity

153
Q

Describe an inferior section defect of ventral wall lateral folding defects

A

Abnormal body wall closure in pelvic to rectum regions

154
Q

If there is combined superior, middle, & inferior section defect of ventral body defects from lateral folding, what is it called?

A

cantrell pentology

155
Q

What happens if there is defective tracheoesophageal septum?

A

esophageal atresia

156
Q

What happens if there is non vascularization of esophagus?

A

esophageal atresia

157
Q

describe what happens in esophageal atresia

A

esophagus ends as a bind sac in 8th week

Embryology (16 decks)

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