Review 4.7 Flashcards
1
Q
where does the PGC begin
A
epiblast layer
2
Q
when does epiblast and hypoblast and the PGC starting begin (what week)
A
week 2
3
Q
how long does it take for PGC to reach primtiive streak1
A
1 week
4
Q
how does PGC get from dorsal wall of yolk sac to gonadal ridges?
A
hitches ride on hindgut mesentary
5
Q
what is the genital ridges formed from
A
urogenital system
6
Q
**know the chart by heart about the trilaminar disk
A
pg 2 & 3 of trilaminar disk lecture
7
Q
a PGC what is number of chromosomes and N number
A
46, 2N
8
Q
genital ridge is subdivision of what
A
subogenital ridge
9
Q
once PGC is in genital ridges what is division
A
mitosis
10
Q
why does it take roundabout pathway to get to genital ridge
A
everything is rapidly dividing
genital ridge isn’t there in week 2 won’t be there until week 5 or 6
11
Q
primordial germ cells become what
A
oogonia or spermatogonia
12
Q
when do we know gender
A
when PGC reach genital ridge
13
Q
when does meiosis I start in women
A
5th month of intereuterine life
14
Q
when does meiosis I start in males
A
puberty
15
Q
what type of follicles does a primary oocyte have
A
primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
16
Q
when does primary oocyte change to secondary oocyte (what follicle)
A
tertiary follicle
17
Q
how many of 15 -20 make to to tertiary follicle
A
1
18
Q
genetically there’s no difference b/w what regarding female meiosis
A
polar body and oocyte
19
Q
what is clinical correlation if part of chromsome is loss during crossing over
A
mutant gene
20
Q
be able to talk about mutant genes
A
nondisjunction - describe what can happen if this happens
21
Q
total # polar body at end
A
3
22
Q
are each of spermatids equally likely to fertilize
A
yes
23
Q
if spermatids are injected into ampulla of uterine tube what is chance for pregnancy?
A
0% - it hasnt undergone activation process yet
24
Q
what do spermatids need to undergo in order to be able to fertilize egg
A
activation process
25
what is activation process
change in body work of spermatid
| no change in genetics
26
identify genetial ridge
pg 4 in review
27
where is the caeolimic epiehtlium come from
eurogenital intermediate mesoderm
28
what are testis cords formed from
intermediate mesoderm
29
what happens to solid testis cords
they will hollow out and form seminiferous tublules
30
what will seminiferous tubules form
rete testis
31
rete testis, etc is formed from what
intermeidate mesodrm
32
what is epididymus formed from
mesonephric duct (which still comes from intermediate mesoderm)
33
what happens ot most of mesonephric duct
goes away - tiny peice formes epididymus
34
what does mesonephric duct come from
intermediate mesoderm
35
what is spermiogeneis
rounded spermatids become eloganted spermatazoa
36
is there any change in nuclear/genetic structure in spermiogenesis
none
37
what is the capacitation reaction/proces
acrosomal head is revealed
It occurs after sperm enters female genital tract
(decapitate sounds like capacitation, probably same root word)
38
what three things does the sperm need to go through
corona radiata
zonua pellucida
membrane of secondary oocyte itself
39
in female everything is formed from what
intermediate mesoderm (except PGC)
40
why do we need primary cords in female even though its not used
its step by step process, need to develop in order for secondary cords
41
what type of follicle is this?
identify - pg 7
42
what is difference b/w primoridal and secondary follicle genetially
nothing
43
what are the granular cells in secondary follicle called
cumulus oophorus
44
what should be there in tertiary follicel
secondary oocyte + polar body
45
after ovulation what will become the corpus leuteum
theca externa & theca interna
| the theca + granulosa cells will become corpus leuteum
46
if there is no fertilization what does corpus leuteum become
corpus albicans
47
after fertilization occurs, as soon as male DNA is excreted into secondary oocyte, what happens
finish meisos II
form male and female pronuclei
once they fuse its now called zygote (instead of ovum)
then zygote forms two blastomeres
48
from blastomere stage on what is process of division
mitosis
49
cell# 8-16 stage what is it called
morula
50
what is wrapped around the blastomeres
zona pellucida
51
what is the process the morula undergoes
compaction
52
what is formed during compaction
inner call mass & outer cell mass
53
what is another word for inner cell mast
embryoblast
54
when compaction process occurs what is it called
blastocyst
55
is blastocystic cavity the same thing as primary yolk sac
no
56
primary yolk sac has what forming inner layer
hypoblast cells
57
blastocyst comes into body of uterus, where should implantation occur
superior posterior wall of uterus
58
before implantation occurs, what must be shed
zona pellucida
59
what is keeping endometrium developed?
estrogen and progesterone feeding back from corpus leuteum
60
embryoblast splits into what
epiblast and hypoblast
61
what is first system to develop
reproductive
62
what is second system to develop
cardiovascular
63
what developes after cardiovascular system
nervous
64
what part of baby is formed from hypoblast
NONE
65
every part of hypobalst forms what
extraembryonic structures - esp. fetal side of placenta and inner lining of primary yolk sac
66
the mature or developing trophoblast divides into what
inner cytotrphoblast & outer synctiophroblast
67
what is process that causes hypobalst cells to go down laterally
arrival of definitive endoderm
68
identify primary and secondary yolk sac
pg 10
69
inner lining of secondary yolk sac is what
hypoblast cells
70
hypoblast cells form what in yolk sac
extraembryonic mesoderm
71
hypoblast cell form what lining outside of yolk sac
visceral extraembryonic mesoderm
72
identify parietal and visceral embryonic mesoderm
pg 10 of review
| or pg 9 of 2nd 3rd week
73
what forms connecting stalk
1/2 from pareital extraembryoinc mesoderm
| 1/2 from visceral extramebyonic mesoderm
74
what is this cavity (shown by moon ) pg 10
chorionic cavity
75
in week 3 what 3 major things happen
1. appearance of definitive primitive streak in epiblast layer
2. development of notocord
3. differentiation of three germ layers (gastrulation)
76
what is it called when three germ layers differentiate
gastrulation
77
where does notochord come from
mesoderm cells
78
fetal side only of placenta is formed form what three layers
1. parietal extramebryonic mesoderm
2. cytrotrophoblast
3. syncytiotrphoblast
79
what happens when hole are poked into synctiotrophoblast
lacunae
80
as hole are put - lacunae what happens
blood flows in and allows circulation
81
what is difference b/w primary, secondary, tertiary villi**
- Primary villi- STB and CTB
- Secondary villi- STB, CTB, Parietal extraembryonic mesoderm (PEEM)
-Tertiary villi- STB, CTB, PEEM, capillaries in PEEM,
capillary lining forming placental membrane
82
which villi is most priminent at end of pregnancy
tertiary villi
83
where do all 3 layers (endoerm, ectoderm, mesoderm) come from
epiblast
84
what does endoderm do to hypoblast
pushes hypoblast cells to yolk sac
85
mesoderm cells flow like water how
from back to front
86
what don't move from the 3 layers of epiblast
ectoderm
87
what is this area going to become? pg 15 blue circle
gut tube
88
head fold starts to bend and helps to divdie what
cephalic flexure
89
what does tail fold help do
helps form cervical flexure
90
what else does tail fold regarding allantois
forces allantois into connecting stalk
91
if if the vitellointestinal stalk is not pinched off right what is the pathology
meckels' diverticulum
92
entire body cavity is formed b/w primitive space b/w what two things
visceral and pareital laterl plate mesoderm
93
what process enlarges the primitive body cavities
lateral folding
94
what does lateral folding help do
form midgut
95
what is this pg 17
notocord
96
normally lateral fold will do what in ventral surface
fuse
97
heart and lungs are asc. or desc.
descending
98
as heart and lungs descend what are they doing
pushing septum transversum down
99
as septum transversum being pushed down what happens
lungs burwo through pericardial pleural canal
100
what will it form when the lungs are pushing through the pericardial canal (septum transversum)
form visceral pleura
101
as heart goes from back to front it will peel off peice of mesentary
pleural pericardial folds
102
pleural pericardial folds fuse together to form what
fibrous and parietal pericardium
103
in the pericardial folds are what two things
1. phrenic nerve
| 2. common cardinal vein
104
what is innervation of pericardium
phrenic nerve
105
what does common cardinal vein form
SVC
106
identify septum transversum
pg 19
107
fibrous and muscular part of diaphraghm are connected, where do they originate? what pathology could occur?
two different sources
| congenital diaphragmatic hernias are common
108
gauge marks (from lungs making visceral pleura) are filled in with what
myoblasts
109
pleural peritoneal membrane is from what
perital lateral plate emesoderm
110
septum transversum is from what
VLPM
111
myoblasts are from what
pariaxial mesoderm
112
anytime the fibrous and muscular part of diaphragm don't join, what happens?
diaphgramatic hernia
113
is mouth embryolgically part of GI system
no
114
why isn't mouth part of GI system embryoligcally
it's not endoerm inside
| VLPM outside
115
what is mouth made of
skeletal msucles (paraxial mesoderm)
116
pharyngeal arch 1 comes in and what does pharyngeal arch 2 does what
migrates
117
all the pahryngeal arches have what come into them
all the arteries and veins - they go to pharyngeal arches before going to their targets
118
bucoorynpharingeal membrane is what
physical separation from GI tract from the mouth
119
eventually bucopharyngeal membrane will do what
rupture - allowing amniotic fludi to flow through
120
what is pink pg 21
endoerm
121
gut wall is what
VLPM
122
if there is a bud off GI tract it is what
enderm inside
| VLPM outside
123
name exmple of organs budding off GI tract
```
lungs
pancreas
bladder
liver
urethra of male
male & female GI tract
```
124
what happens if there is improper esophageal recanalization?
esophageal atresia
125
what is esophageal atrea example of regarindg congenital abnormalities
disruption
126
what is the major mover of the foregut
dorsal or back of stomach divides faster than front, it goes in clockwise rotation
127
how does stomach turn
clockwise 90 degrees
128
what is only part of ventral mesentary left over
falciform triangular ligaments
| lesser omentum
129
is spleen part of GI tract embryoligically
No
| BUT it is moved by foregut
130
is spleen moved with foregut
yes
131
everything in GI tract it:
endoderm inside
| VLPM outside
132
suprarenal glands are from GI tract?
No
133
due to development of what major structure that forces midgut out
gonads - urinary system
134
what will be affected by midgut and rotation of midgut loop?****
only midgut
135
will first part of duodenum be affected by gonad/urinary development pushing stuff out
no
136
will descending colon be affected by gonad/urinary developiment pushing stuff out
no
137
what does cloacal membrane form at end of hindgut
dentate/pectinate line
138
what does dentat/pectinate line mean
end of hindgut, beginning of proctoderm
139
above pectonate line innervation is
autonomic
140
below pectonate line innervation is
pudenal
141
identify stuff on pg 27
pg 27
142
what are two most important structures coming from urogenital sinus
bladder
| urethra
143
What is the Acrosome reaction/process
When sperm binds to zona pellucida of secondary oocyte - allows it to digest through zona pellucida & sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm
144
why do mesoderm cells start in the back?
that is where primitive streak is
145
what are two most important things head fold forms/does?
shifts heart from dorsal to ventral
| takes a little piece that will form foregut
146
What will the vessels of allantosis form?
umbilical vessels
147
Pg 15 of review, red circle
| What is the pathology that occurs here if the vitellointestinal stalk is not pinched off correctly
meckels' diverticulum
148
What is a superior section defect of ventral lateral folding?
ectopia cordis
149
What is ectopia cordis?
ventral body wall defect
| heart lies outside body
150
What are two middle section defect of ventral wall & lateral folding?
Gastroschisis
| Omphalocele
151
What is Omphalocele?
ventral body wall defect
| Herniation of the abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring
152
What is Gastroschisis?
body wall closure failure in abdominal region with intestines in amniotic cavity
153
Describe an inferior section defect of ventral wall lateral folding defects
Abnormal body wall closure in pelvic to rectum regions
154
If there is combined superior, middle, & inferior section defect of ventral body defects from lateral folding, what is it called?
cantrell pentology
155
What happens if there is defective tracheoesophageal septum?
esophageal atresia
156
What happens if there is non vascularization of esophagus?
esophageal atresia
157
describe what happens in esophageal atresia
esophagus ends as a bind sac in 8th week
