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GCSE History > Search For World Peace > Flashcards

Search For World Peace Flashcards

1
Q

Why did Brezhnev want to get involved in Afghanistan?

A

-He was concerned about the growing power and spread of Islamic fundameltalism
-wanted to show the 30 mil Muslims in the USSR that the USSR wouldn’t change

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2
Q

Why did the USSR want to get involved in Afghanistan?

A

They saw fundamentalism as a threat to the soviet system

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3
Q

Why was the USA bothered by USSR invasion of Afghanistan?

A

They believed that soviet occupation of Afghanistan would threaten the Wests oil supplies

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4
Q

Why did Carter feel that he needed to take a firm approach to Afghanistan?

A

-was under pressure following the seizure of US embassy staff as hostages in Iran
-he felt it would improve relations with China as they were also opposed to the invasion

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5
Q

What was the Carter Docrine?

A

-the USA will use military force if necessary to defend its intrests in the Persian Gulf region
-promised military aid to all countries bordering Afghanistan

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6
Q

In what speech did Carter address the Carter Doctrine?

A

The state of union speech

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7
Q

What actions taken by Carter show his firmness with Afghanistan?

A

-USA cancelled shipments of grain to the USSR
-US companies banned from selling tech like drilling equipment to USSR
-he pressured the US Olympic Comitee to boycott the 1980 Moscow Olympics (61 countries followed suit)

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8
Q

When was the US ping pong team invited to China for the ‘friendship games’?

A

1971

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9
Q

Why were people shocked by the Chinese ‘friendship games’?

A

It was the first time that US citizens were permitted to visit China since 1949

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10
Q

What was SALT I?

A

the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

Both countries (USSR and USA) agreed there would be no further production of strategic ballistic missiles

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11
Q

When was SALT I agreed?

A

1972

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12
Q

When did Nixon visit China (and become the first US president to do so)?

A

1972

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13
Q

How did Nixons visit to China help the US?

A

reduced tensions over US involvement in Vietnam

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14
Q

When did Nixon visit the USSR?

A

1972 and 1974

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15
Q

What did Nixons visits to the USSR lead to?

A

The signing of the Helsinki agreement

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16
Q

What was the Helsinki agreement?

A

-USA, USSR and 33 other nations
-all recognised current European borders
-all respect human rights
-closer economic and scientific links

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17
Q

When was SALT II signed?

A

1979

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18
Q

What was agreed in SALT II?

A

-further limits on the production of nuclear weapons including banning of land based intercontinental ballistic missile launchers
-lasted until 1985

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19
Q

What happened after the singing of SALT II that reversed all the work towards finishing the Cold War?

A

-the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan
-as a result, congress refused to ratify SALT II

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20
Q

What was Reagan’s approach to the USSR after he defeated Carter?

A

No interest in detanté and in a 1982 speech he referred to the USSR as the ‘Evil Empire’

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21
Q

Who launched the Star Wars scheme?

A

Reagan

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22
Q

What was the real name for Star Wars?

A

The Strategic Defence Initiative

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23
Q

What was the purpose of Star Wars?

A

To create a ‘nuclear umbrella’ by launching an army of satellites with powerful lasers into space

They would intercept any Soviet missiles in space and destroy them before they could hurt USA

This would make Soviet missiles useless and force USSR to disarm

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24
Q

Who became the Soviet premier in 1985?

A

Mikhail Gorbachev

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25
Q

What policies did Gorbachev introduce to address the issues with the communist economy?

A

-introduced reforms called Perestroika (restructuring of the economy to make it more efficient) and Glasnost (openness-censorship of press relaxed)
-signed various arms limitation agreements with the US (stopped the arms race)
-stopped Soviet interference in Eastern European satellite states

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26
Q

How did Reagan react to Gorbachev’s reforms?

A

Initially he reacted negatively - he antagonised it by making speeches demanding that Gorbachev ‘tear down this wall’ (Berlin wall)

Eventually Reagan supported the reforms but refused to reward with economic concessions as he thought it might encourage the USSR to revive

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27
Q

What did Reagan and Gorbachev sign in 1987?

A

The Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty

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28
Q

What was the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty?

A

-It was the first treaty that involved the reduction of missiles (SALT I only limited the growth of supplies)
-eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic missiles with long ranges
-also allowed both nations to inspect each others military installations

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29
Q

Who was involved in the Conventional Forces in Europe?

A

-led by Gorbachev and Reagan
-NATO
-Warsaw pact representative

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30
Q

When was the Conventional Forces in Europe signed?

A

1990

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31
Q

What did Conventional Forces in Europe do?

A

Reduced the number of tanks, missiles and aircraft held by member states

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32
Q

When was the Berlin Wall dismantled?

A

1989

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33
Q

Did the USSR and the US still get on when Bush was elected? Evidence?

A

-Yes - at a summit in Malta the two announced that the Cold War was over in 1989
-when Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990, they acted closely
-signed START 1 in 1991

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34
Q

What was START 1 and when was it signed?

A

-involved reducing 25-35% of all their nuclear warheads in the next 7 years
-signed the treaty with pens made of scrapped missiles
-1991

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35
Q

When did Gorbachev resign due to a lack of suppourt?

A

1991

36
Q

When the USSR split into several independent states …

A

The USSR fell and the rivalry between communist east and capitalist west ended

37
Q

Afghanistan: what was the communist party who overthrew the gorvernment called?

A

People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan

38
Q

When did the Afghanistan communist party overthrow the Afghanistan government?

A

1978

39
Q

Who became the prime minister of the newly established Democratic Republic of Afghanistan?

A

Nur Muhammad Taraki

40
Q

What did the Afghanistan communist party do in the first 18 months of their rule?

A

-imposed a communist-style reform programme
-thousands of members of the traditional elite (Muslim religious establishment and intellectuals) were imprisoned tortured or murdered

41
Q

What did thousands of afghan Muslims join to overthrow the communist government?

A

Mujahideen - a guerrilla movement which proclaimed to be on a holy mission for Allah

42
Q

What did the mujahideen declare?

A

Jihad = holy war

43
Q

What did Brezhnev do to counter the threat of mujahideen and Islamic fundamentalism?

A

Sent 50,000 troops to Afghanistan to restore order and protect the afghan communists from the mujahideen

44
Q

When did Brezhnev send troops to Afghanistan?

A

December 1979 and Jan 1980

45
Q

Why did relations between the USA and China improve in the 70s?

A

-relations between China and the USSR had worsened in the 60s when China denounced the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
-Nixon saw this as an opportunity to exploit this split between the two leading communist nations
-Nixon hoped that better relations with China might help to end war in Vietnam (as China was a strong ally of North Vietnam)

46
Q

When did the US government lift a 20 year old trade embargo with China?

A

1971

47
Q

Why were the US ping pong team invited to China?

A

-the World Table Tennis Championship was held in Japan in 1971
-when an American player missed his teams bus after practice, he was offered a ride by a Chinese player
-this display of good will was well publicised
-later that day, the American team was formally invited to China

48
Q

Why did Nixon go to China?

A

After the trade embargo was lifted, talks began to facilitate a meeting between gov officials

49
Q

What did glasnost and perestroika do?

A

-glasnost (openness) = censorship relaxed
-perestroika (restructuring) = economic reforms designed to make Soviet economy more efficient

50
Q

When was communism declared to be over (where and by who) but when did did control of communism and the fall of the USSR actually happen?

A

-1989 = Bush Snr, Malta conference
-1991

51
Q

How did Gorbachev inadvertently start the fall of the USSR?

A

-1988= withdrew Soviet troops from Eastern European bases to save money
-the following year he announced the Sinatra doctrine - members of the Warsaw pact could make changes to their countries without expecting outside interference
-he had hoped to strengthen communism but actually weakened it
-once reform had started in these countries he was unable to contain it

52
Q

When was the fall of the Berlin Wall? When was West and East formally reunited?

A

-1989
-1990

53
Q

When did the United Germany join NATO and dissolve the Warsaw pact?

A

1991

54
Q

What happened when everyone saw how the satellite groups had been able to break away from Moscow?

A

In 1990 the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declared themselves independent - this was accepted by Moscow in 1991

55
Q

When was there an attempted coup in the USSR? What were the consequences?

A

-1991
-it was defeated but Gorbachev lost all authority
-December 1991 = Gorbachev resigned

56
Q

When did Gorbachev resign?

A

December 1991

57
Q

The USA became increasingly involved in the Middle East in the last quarter of the twentieth century - who was their closest ally in the Persian gulf region?

A

Mohammed Reza Pahlavi the shah of Iran

58
Q

What had the shah of Iran tried to do for 25 years? What happened to him?

A

-Modernise Iran by rapid industrialisation and the emancipation of women
-this modernisation and his increasingly tyrannical government led to a forced abdication in 1979

59
Q

The abdication of Pahlavi (the shah) unsettled the whole gulf region - why was this relevant to the US?

A

-they had vital oil intrests in the gulf especially in Iran
-the period of saw the growth of religious fundamentalism which demanded an end to Western imperialism
-Iran was now controlled by the fundamentalist religious leader Khomeini who denounced the USA as the ‘great satan’ and announced an Islamic republic determined to destroy all western influences

60
Q

When were 66 Americans taken hostage in Iran, who were they and where were they?

A

-1979
-diplomats and their guards
-US embassy in Tehran

61
Q

What did Khomeini want in return for the hostages?

A

For the USA to agree to the extradition of the former Shah who was in New York

62
Q

The US government refused to hand over the Shah - what did Carter do?

A

Suspended Iranian oil imports and threatened Iran with military action if they weren’t released

63
Q

Did the Ayatollah release the hostages after Carters threats?

A

No they threatened to try some of the hostages on a charge of spying for the US

64
Q

When was the rescue mission to rescue the hostages in Iran? What happened?

A

-1980
-went wrong - a helicopter and an aircraft collided in a staging area
-8 servicemen killed
-operation called off

65
Q

What happened to Carter as a result of not being able to free the hostages and a botched rescue attempt?

A

Lost popularity

66
Q

When did the Shah die and allow negotiations of the release of the hostages to begin again?

A

1980

67
Q

When were some of the hostages released and how many were released? How many days had they spent in custody?

A

-1981 (20 mins after Reagan was sworn in as president)
-52
-444

68
Q

When was the Gulf War?

A

1990-1991

69
Q

Gulf war: how and when did the country of Kuwait come under Iraqi control?

A

-August 1990
-Iraq leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion of Kuwait and within 24 hours it was under Iraqi control

70
Q

Gulf war: Why did Saddam Hussein order the invasion of Kuwait?

A

-burdened with debts from Iraqs war with Iran, Hussein saw Kuwait as a rich prize
-Hussein claimed that Kuwait was once part of Iraq (it had been separate since 1899]
-he didn’t expect America to use its military power to support Kuwait - the USA had supported him all through the war with Iran

71
Q

Who was the president at the time of the Gulf War, what did he say was his reason for taking action but was actually was it?

A

-George Bush Snr
-used the argument that it was an act of blatant aggression against a smaller country
-in reality he wanted to protect the US economic interests in oil

72
Q

Gulf War: What was Operation Desert Shield and who was involved?

A

-the UN imposed tough sanctions on Iraq
-then USA, Britain and other states sent forces to Saudi Arabia
-this was operation desert shield = designed to defend Saudi Arabia and oil resources from Iraq and push Iraq out of Kuwait

73
Q

Gulf War: when did USA and the allies vastly increase their forces in Saudi Arabia?

A

November 1990

74
Q

Who was the US commander of the forces in the Gulf and what was his first military campaign?

A

-General Norman Schwarzkopf
-an air assault called Operation Desert Storm

75
Q

Gulf war: when was the air assault (operation desert storm) launched?

A

January 1991

76
Q

Was Operation Desert Storm successful?

A

Yes - in the first 10 hours, a combination of stealth aircraft, cruise missiles and electronic warfare took apart Iraqs military and wrecked its ground forces

77
Q

What was Operation Desert Saber and when was it launched?

A

-ground offensive to liberate Kuwait
-February 1991

78
Q

Was Operation Desert Saber successful?

A

Within 4 days of launching, Kuwait City had been taken by coalition troops and the following day, the USA ordered a ceasefire

79
Q

Why did Bush call a ceasefire in the Gulf War?

A

-he was afraid that if slaughter continued, the allies would lose support of the other Arab nations
-it was expected that, after this humiliating defeat, Hussein would soon be overthrown

80
Q

What was the outcome of the Gulf war for Bush? What happened in Iraq after it?

A

-Bush’s reputation stood high
-however as time passed, he was criticised for not having pressed home the advantage and allowing the brutal Hussein to remain in power

-Hussein not only survived but also had enough troops,tanks and airforce to brutally suppress rebellions by Shia Muslims and Kurds

81
Q

What does détente mean?

A

It was the term used to describe the improvement of relations between USA and USSR in the years after the Cuban Missile Crisis

82
Q

What were the reasons for détente?

A

-hotline between Kremlin and White House improved communications and Test Ban Treaty demonstrated a willingness to look at the issue of nuclear missiles

-both nations were keen on arms limitation talks as means to reduce defence spending

-USA was hoping that Brezhnev would persuade his North Vietnamese ally’s to negotiate an end to the war (policy of linkage)

83
Q

What was the ‘ping pong’ diplomacy important?

A

-restoration of the Sino-US relations which had been cut for over 20 years
-triggered the restoration of Chinas legitimate rights in the League of Nations
-by lifting the trade embargo in 1971, trade between USA and China was opened back up
-China established diplomatic relations with lots of other countries

84
Q

Where perestroika and glasnost successful?

A

-glasnost was a double-edged sword for Gorbachev - the more freedom people got, the more they wanted and the more they criticised Gorbachev
-perestroika did bring some considerable changes and certain aspects of a free economy were introduced but these changes were very slow

85
Q

What happened after it was clear that Gorbachev was keen to change relations with the west?

A

-a summit meeting with Gorbachev and Reagan was held over 2 days in Geneva in 1985
-nothing was decided but the Geneva Accord was set out
-this committed the two countries to speed up arms talks and meet up in the near future
-they got in well

GCSE History (29 decks)

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