Germany Flashcards
1
Q
Terms:
Germany …………………. the League of Nations
A
Germany was not allowed to join the League of Nations
2
Q
Terms:
-The Saar ………
-Alsace Lorraine ……..
-Danzig was ……..
A
- The Saar and it’s coalfields were returned to France.
-Alsace Lorraine was returned to France. - Danzig was made a free country
3
Q
Terms:
What land was given to Poland?
A
-Posen
-Upper Silesia
-West Prussia
4
Q
The Spartacist uprising was between ….. and ….. of ……
A
5th and 15th of January
5
Q
When did France and Belgium invade the Ruhr?
A
9th January 1923
6
Q
Why did France and Belgium invade the Ruhr?
A
Because Germany wasn’t paying its reparations.
7
Q
The Kapp Putsch happened between the …. and the …. of …. ….
A
13th and 17th of March 1920
8
Q
How was the Kapp Putschshut down?
A
Ebert encouraged the people to go on strike and not co-operate
9
Q
Give three strengths of the Weimar.
A
- It was a genuine democracy (everyone over 20 could vote)
- The Reichstag appointed the government and made the laws.
-The Bill of Rights guaranteed every German citizen freedom of speech, religion and equality
10
Q
Give two weaknesses of the Weimar.
A
- Proportional representation
-Article 48 (ruling by decree)
11
Q
What did the Reichstrat do?
A
Approve laws made by chancellor and Rechstag
12
Q
Who benefitted from hyperinflation and who didn’t
A
Benefitted:
-those with debts or loans
-rich businessmen
-workers
-the rich
Didn’t benefit:
-pensioners
-middle class with savings
13
Q
Name 4 consequences of hyperinflation
A
-there were shortages because marks were worthless to international traders
-Weimar popularity hit an all time low and people were voting extremism
-peoples savings became worthless
-wages had to be paid daily and the cost of things could change between joining the end of a queue and reaching the front
14
Q
What was the Dawes plan and when was it signed?
A
-it lowered reparations and America gave them 800 million marks loan
-1924
15
Q
When was is the Locarno pact signed and what did it do?
A
-1925
-Germany, France and Belgium agreed to respect borders set by the treaty of Versailles
16
Q
What was the Kellogg Briand pact ? And when was it set?
A
-62 countries, including Germany agreed to settle all disputes peacefully
-1928
17
Q
What were the five aims of Hitlers foreign policy
A
-unite all German speaking people
-reverse the treaty of Versailles
-Anschluss
-destroy communism
-Lebensram (living space)
18
Q
When were the SS set up?
A
1925
19
Q
Who led the SS
A
Himmler
20
Q
When was the SD set up and who was in charge?
A
- Heydrich.
21
Q
When was the Gestapo set up.
A
1933
22
Q
What was the role of the SS
A
-oversaw the other organisations
-Hitlers personal bodyguard
-later ran concentration camps
23
Q
What was the role of the SD
A
-intelligence agency
-discovered and reported potential enemies
24
Q
What was the role of the gestapo?
A
-Nazi secret police
-monitored the German population for sign of opposition to the Nazis
-helped by people reporting fellow citizens
25
In what ways did the Nazis control the legal system?
-judges had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler
-Judges had to act in the best intrests of the Nazis
-all lawyers had to join the Nazi lawyers association
26
Why did Kristallnacht happen?
-Herschel Grynzpan shot the first Nazi he saw when he walked into the German embassy for the way they treated his parents
-the Nazis used thus a propaganda against Jews and direct orders were sent around Germany saying that protests against Jews were expected and not to be stopped.
27
What happened in kristallnacht?
-275 synagogues burned down
-children's hospitals burned down
-7500 houses destroyed
-windows smashed
-people are killed
28
What were the consequences of kristallnacht?
-Jews forced to pay for the damages
-it led to the final solution (the Holocaust) and 26000 Jews were sent to concentration camps
29
When did Kristallnacht happen?
9-10th November 1938
30
Hitler believed that Jews were ............. (subhumans) and that they were contaminating the .............. (master race) of Germany
Untermenschen, herrenvolk
31
How were Jews' economic rights taken away from them?
-people boycotted Jewish shops
-they had to register all their possessions
32
How were Jews' political rights taken away from them?
-banned from inheriting land
-Nuremberg laws meant they lost their citizenship and right to vote
-excluded from government jobs.
33
Teachers had to....
Swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler and join the Nazis teacher league
34
What sort of things were children taught in school?
-about the treaty of Versailles being wrong
-aryan superiority
-how to identify races
35
Give four reasons why the Hitler youth was a success
-1939 there were7 mil members
-slogans like "youth must be key by youth" made children feel independent
-children denounced their parents to the SS
-most disciplined youth in Europe
36
Give two reasons why the Hitler youth wasn't a success
-due to poor 25% attendance, it was made compulsory in 1939
-the endless tasks and propaganda took the fun out of it
37
What did boys 6-10 join?
The little fellows where they mainly did sport
38
What did 10 to 13-year-olds join
The German young people where they did military training
39
Give examples of three things boys did in the Hitler youth
-marching
-trench digging
-map reading
40
What did girls 10-14 join?
Young maidens where they learned health practices
41
What did girls 14-21 join
The league of German maidens where they became further prepared to be housewives
42
What three things did girls have to be able to do?
-run 60 metres in 14 seconds
-swim 100 metres
-make a bed
43
Who ran the Hitler youth
Baldur Von shirach
44
What were the 7 ways Nazis lowered unemployment rates
-people went into the armed forces in the run up to war
-they put lots of people in concentration camps so they didn't show up
-people were given jobs in public works
-they were given jobs in the SS,SD and Gestapo
-they forced women adn Jews to give up work and didn't show up in stats
-the unemployed in the labour service didn't show up
-part time workers counted as full time
45
What was the law for the encouragement of marriage
Gave newly weds 1000 marks loan that they could keep 250 of each time they had a child
46
What was the one condition of the Law for the Encouragement of Marrige
Women were not allowed to work
47
What were two ways (other than LFTEOM) Nazis increased the birth rate
-Mothers cross
-allowed to have a baby with aryan SS officer
48
What were the different awards for the mothers cross
-bronze=4 children
-silver=6 children
-gold=8 children
49
What were the 4 organisations in the Nazi economic policy
National Labour Service Corps
The German Labour Front
Strength through Joy
Beauty of Labour
50
What was the enabling act
Hitler was given the right to make laws without the reichstags approval for 4 year
51
What were three ways other than the enabling act that Hitler gained power
-banning trade unions and replacing them with the Labour Front (they have control of wages and employment)
-law against the formation of parties meant that after July 1933 people could only vote for Hitler
-removing the mini-parliaments that each German state have and making them all ruled by one
52
Give 5 reasons that the night of the long knives happened
-as SA membership grew they were harder to control (if Ernst Rohm turned against Hitler he had a lot of loyal men)
-many Nazis and generals distrusted Rohm and convicted Hitler that he was going to rebel
-SA leaders were demanding rewards for their service
-if the SA were not brought under control then Hitler May loose Hindenburgs support
-the German army were better organised for war but they didn't like the SA so it was one of the other
53
Hitler became Fürher when hindenburg died. What did this mean?
That he was the president, chancellor and head of the army. The armed forces had to swear an oath to him instead of germany
54
When was the reichstag fire?
27th Feb 1933
55
Give 5 reasons people liked Hitler
-speeches were very convincing (verbal propaganda)
-he had many different personas to appeal to lots of different people
-very patriotic and charismatic
-respect (iron cross)
-one consistent message = stable
56
What were the 3 weaknesses of the Weimar when Hitler was about to be chancellor
-proportional representation made the reichstag hard to control - chancellors were having to rely on article 48 to pass laws
-cutting benefits and increasing taxes
57
Why did the GreatDepression make the Weimar look worse and the extremists look better?
Weimar
-cutting benefits
-increasing taxes
-wages cut
Extremist:
-communists said this proved that capitalism was a faliure
-Nazis claimed they could get rid of the problem but destroying the enemy within
-they were voted for because we believed that something must be done
58
Why did hitler decide to launch the Munich putsch? 5 points
-Weimar was weak after hyperinflation
-many important people like con Kahr, von Lossow and Mussolini
-many Germans didn't like communists or the Weimar so would suppourt them
-the party had grown loads
-the army didn't really like the Weimar so would help
59
When was the 25 point program written and who by?
Written in February 1920 by Hitler and Drexler
60
What's the story of how hitler apparently got into the DAP
In 1919 he was an education officer which meant he listened in on extremist meetings to make sure they weren't plotting a rebellion. He went to a DAP meeting and was so inspired by them that he got up on a table and gave an amazing speech. He was hired right away.
61
What did gustav stresmann do to help Germany?
-got French to leave the Ruhr by promising reparations
-agreed to the four 'pacts'
-called off passive resistance
-introduced the rentenmark
62
when was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
-28th June 1919
63
-how much land did Germany loose to the Treaty?
-how many people did it loose?
-13% of its land
-6 million citizens
64
what was article 231 that was part of the treaty?
the war guilt clause - Germany had to take the blame for starting the war
65
Treaty
how many army men were they allowed?
100,000
66
-what did the citizens feel that the treaty was
-what did they call the politicians that signed it
-a diktat (dictated peace)
-the November Criminals who they described as dolchtoss (back stabbing)
67
when was the Sparticists attempt to overthrow the govornment stopped?
6th January 1919
68
why couldnt Germany fight back when France invaded the Rhur?
it was in the demilitaised zone
69
how did people in the Rhur respond to the invasion?
passive resistance and industrial sabotage
70
when was Stressman appointed foreign secretary? when was he chancellor?
-1923
-from August to September
71
when was the rentenmark introduced by Stressman?
November 1923
72
when was the young plan signed and what did it do?
-1929
-reduced reparations from £6.6 bil to £1.8 bil and gave them 59 years to pay it back
73
when was Germany allowed to join the league of nations?
1926
74
when was Hindenburg elected president? what did this show?
-1925
-that the old conservative order was now accepting the Republic
75
1924-1929 is described as the ...... .... becuase of the changes in the ........ ... ......., the ....... ... ...... and .....
golden age
standard of living
position of women
culture
76
what happened to unemployment in the golden age?
-it fell however it stayed high for those who worked in professions like lawyers, civil servants or teachers
-in 1928 almost 184,000 middle class workers were seeking employment and almost half of them didnt qualify for unemployment relief
77
-what did the govornment introduce to help women?
-how many female doctors were there in 1933?
-equality for the sexes and equal pay in the professions - they had some of the most advanced rights in Europe
-3,000
78
how many members did the DAP have when Hitler joined?
50
79
when did Hitler become the leader of the NSDAP party? what was his title?
July 1921
Furher which meant absolute power and authority
80
define Furherprinzip
the furher priciple - would become the cornerstone of the party
81
when was the SA set up and who were they led by?
1921, Ernst Rhom
82
when did Hitler and 600 Nazis seize the Burgerbraukeller where the Bavarian govornement were having a meeting? what did they say?
8th November 1923 - yes they would help
83
when did the Bavarian govornement change their minds and organise troops to resist Hitler's planned march through Munich?
9th November 1923
84
how many Nazis and how many policemen were killed as a result of the Munich Putsch?
-16 Nazis
-4 policemen
85
what happened to Hitler after the Munich Putsch?
he was arrested two days later and the Nazi Party was banned
86
when did Hitler's trial begin and what did he see it as?
-February 1924
-as a public platform to announce his political beliefs and be seen
87
when was he scentenced and what to? what did he actually serve?
-1st April 1924 he was found guilty of treason adn given a minimum of 5 years
-9 months
88
what did he write while in prison and what sort of things did it contain?
-Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
-key ideas included:
-abolition of the TofV
-Elimination of Jews from Germany
-the idea of volksgeminschaft (peoples community) where the strongest race dominates the weakest
-Lebensraum to create a greater Germany where all Germany speaking people were encorperated into the nation
89
what happened at the Bamburg Conference? when was it?
-1926
-Gregor Strasser becomes propaganda leafer
-Goebbles becomes Nazi leader in Berlin
-Rohm is forced to resign
90
what were the unemployment figures in 1932?
over 6 million
91
what was Bruning having to rely on while he was chancellor in 1930?
Hindenburg and article 48 becuase he didnt have majority
92
how many newspapers did the Nazis own by the 1930s?
120
93
when does Hitler become chancellor and how?
-30th of January 1933
-becuase although he had a majority in the Reichstag, Hindernburg was still unsure about weather or not to allow him to be chancellor. Von Papen convinced him to form a coalition govornment with Hitler as chancellor becuase Hitler had promised to make him deputy chancellor
94
why does Hitler call another election when he is chancellor and when? how many deaths were there leading up to the election?
-becuase there were only 2 other Nazis in the cabinet of 12
-march 1933
-70
95
what was signed as a result of the reichstag fire and what did it allow?
-the Decree for the Protection of People and State
-suspended basic civil rights and allowed the Nazis to imprison large numbers of their political opponents. All communist and socialist newspapers were banned.
96
how many seats did the Nazis win in the election of March 1933? what did this lead to?
-288 seats = not a majority
-a coalition was formed with the national party
-23rd of March the Enabling Act was passed which gave Hitler and his govornment full powers for the next four years
-this marked the end of democracy
97
-when were trade unions banned and replaced with the Labour Front?
-when was the first concentration camp opened?
-when was the Law against the Formation of Parties passed?
-2nd May 1933
-March 1933 = Dachau
-14 July 1933
98
what was one of the things the Rohm wanted that clashed with Hitler's views and helped caused the night and of the long knifes?
he wanted more govornment interferance in the running of the country to help the ordinary citizen.
99
who was the head of the gestapo?
Georing
100
when was the night of the long knives? how many people were mudered?
-30th June 1934
-400
101
when did Hindenburg die and leave Hitler as the soul contoller of Germany?
August 1934
102
when did the DAF (labour front) launch the Volkswagen scheme?
1938 - not a single person got a car as productions shifted to military vehichles
103
what did the Strength through Joy programme?
-set up to improve leisure time of the German workers
-this included concerts, tickets and sporting evenys
about 10 million people went on a KdF holiday in 1938
104
what was the Beauty of Work?
-set up by the KdF to improve working conditions
-built canteens, swimming pools etc
-had to be built by the workers
105
when was the National Labour Service Corps made compulsary to join and why?
-from 1935 (for men) and from 1939 for women.
-aimed to promote the spirit of National Socialism and also provided a cheap workforce
106
what happened on Hitler's Mother's birthday?
meals were awarded to women with large families
107
what was the programme called whereby women could have a baby with a racially pure SS officer?
The Lebensborn
108
what were the three K's that the Nazis wanted women to stick to?
what did they force professional women to do?
when was this reversed?
-Kinder, Kuche, Kirche (children, kitchen, church)
-they had to give up their jobs
-in 1937 becuase of the war
109
what was the Nazis ideal woman?
-no intrest in politics
-buns or plaits
-discouraged from slimming (bad for childbearing)
-not wearing makeup
-not in the workforce
110
what did all textbooks in school have to be checked by?
Mein Kampf was...
-the ministry of education
-...made a standard text
111
how much time was devoted to physical education?
what did lessons start and end with?
-15%
-'Heil Hitler'
112
when were Jewish Teachers expelled from german schools?
1938
113
when were Jews banned from public spaces like parks and swimming pools?
1934
114
when were the Nuremburg Laws passed and what were they?
-1935
-series of laws against Jews including them being stripped of their German citizenship, outlawing marrige and sexual relations between Jews and Germans and taking aways Jew's civil and political rights.
115
how many Jews were killed in kristallnacht?
how much were they charged in compensation for the damages?
-about 100
-1 billion reichsmarks
116
when were Jews forced out of their homes and into designated ghettos?
from 30th April 1939
117
how many SS members were there by 1934?
what was their job after the night of the long knives?
-more than 50,000
-to remove all opposition to the Nazis in Germany
118
what organisation did judges have to join?
who was the minister of justice?
what did judges have to wear from 1936?
-The National Socialists League for the Maintinence of the Law
-a Nazi who would check if judges had been too lenient
-a swasitka and Nazi eagle on their robes
119
when did Goebbles set up the ministry for popular enlightenment and propaganda? what was it?
1934 - to control the thoughts, beliefs and opinions of the German people through radio, cinema and newspapers
120
give 4 examples of propaganda in Nazi Germany
-annual mass rallies in Nuremburg to promote the Nazi state
-posters put accross germany to spread the Nazi message
-books were carefully censored
-in 1933, students in Berlin burned 20,000 books written by Jews and other opponents
-all non-Nazi newspapers were shut down
121
what happened as a result of the Disarmamnent conferance and when was it?
-1932-34
-60 nations gathered to discuss how to reduce war.
-Germany wanted every nation to reduce its arms to the lowest level and match Germany.
-Hitler withdrew from the conferance and announced that he would increase the army to 300,000 and set up a new airforce
122
when did Germany withdraw from the League of Nations?
1933
123
when was the non-agression pact with Poland and what did it do?
-1934
-promised to accept Polish borders and encourgaed trading.
-it was set to last for 10 years and meant that Hitler didnt have to fear an attack from Poland
-france were frustrated as they had a trade agreement with Poland
124
when was the attempted Anschluss with Austria and what happened?
-1934
-the Nazi party in Austria had been campaigning for a union.
-Austrian chancellor, Dollfuss outlawed the Nazis
-the Nazis attacked a radio station and announced that Dollfuss had resigned and then proceeded to assasinate Dollfuss
-the attempt to sieze power failed due to lack of suppourt from Hitler who was concerned and Mussolini - guardian of Austria
125
when was the return of the Saarland and what was it?
-1935
- a plebcite was held and it was decided that the Saar was to re-join Germany
126
when did Hitler renounce the TofV and allowed rearmement and conscription begin?
-1935
-conscription was introduced and the army was set to be 550,000
-this was justified as self defense becuase the Soviets and France were building their armies
127
when was the Rhineland reoccupied after the denouncing of the locarno pact? how many were in favour of this decision?
-march 1936
-98.8%
128
-what was the Rome-Berlin axis
-what was the Ani-Comitern Pact
-pact between Italy and Germany to share the same foreign policy and reverse communism
-a pact between japan and germany to stop the spread of communism
129
when did Hitler form a sucessful Anschluss? how many people were in favour of the union?
march 1938 - 99.75%
130
what was the Sudetenland crisis?
-it contained 3 million Germans
-he was also concerned that Stalin would try to invade through Czechoslavakia
-he ordered Czech Nazis to stir up trouble and "solve the crisis"
-British PM Chamberlain found a peaceful soloution - the signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938
131
what was the pact of steel and when was it?
-May 1939
-Hitler and Musollini form a full military and economic alliance
-needed nuetrality of the Soviets but was still worried about Stalin making a pact with England
132
what was the Nazi Soviet Pact and when was it?
-August 1939
-Ribbentrop (Nazi) and Molotov (Russian) Foreign ministers met to agree to:
-not support any third country if it attacked the other
-to consult each other and not join an alliance aimed at each other
-to (secretly) invade Poland
-Soviet Union was allowed to occupy Baltic states
133
why did Hitler like the Nazi Soviet Pact?
becuase he would not be faced with war on two fronts
134
when did Germany invade Poland?
when did France and Britain announce war?
-1st September 1939
-3rd September 1939
135
what kind of thing did the 25 point programme include?
-tofv should be reversed
-uniting all german speaking people
-furhur - one ruler instead of democracy
