policing Flashcards
describe the communal method of combatting crime in the medival period?
-the leader of the tithing (the tithingman) would raise the hue and cry
-he would assemble his followers and catch the criminal
-ten tithings were grouped into hundreds
-hundredmen dealt with more serious breaches of law
who was the in charge of keeping order at a shire (county) level?
-shire reeve (sherriff)
-he was a royal official responsible for keeping order
-he would raise a posse comitatus to catch a criminal that had escaped the tithing
what changed with the law enforcement system after the Norman Conquest of 1066?
-JPs were appointed to assist the sherriffs
-parish constables replaced the hundredmen and assisted the JP
-watchmen partolled at night
describe the role of the parish constable in medival times?
-if a hue and cry was raised by the constable, everyone had to join in
-usually appointed for 5 years
-unpaid
-time consuming
what remained and what had to change in the Tudor period concerning law enforcement?
-JPs, constables and watchemen remained
-the policing system was coming under increasing strain in places like London
what was the role of the JP in tudor england?
-overseeing the parish constables/watchmen
-monitor and control vagrants after the Poor Laws in 1601
what shows that community policing was still strong in tudor times?
the parish constables were appointed by the JPs from local tradesmen living in the area
what was the role of the parish constable in tudor england?
-unpaid
-one year
-keep order in the area
-could call on other people to give him assistance (community policing)
what was the role of the watchman in the Tudor period?
-men in town expected to carry out this role on a voulentary basis
-unpaid
-provided reassurance for towns people
what was created via an act passed by charles II regarding law enforcement? why did he do this?
-created a force of paid watchmen to patrol the streets of London - known as Charleys
-London was growing so quickly
what was the role Charleys?
-low paid
-often taken by those unable to find work elsewhere
-first law officers paid by public money
what were theif takers in the industrial period?
captured criminals for reward money
give an example of a theif taker?
jonathan wild
industrial: who was Thomas de Veil?
- JPs tried to find a solution to growing crime rates
-among them was Thomas de Veil
-set up his office in Bow Street
-he took part in helping his constables investigate crimes
-paved the way for the Fielding brothers
industrial: who were the Feilding brothers?
-Henry Fielding replaced de Veil as the chief magistrate at Bow Street
-made an enquiry and claimed that medival systems of law enforcement was not fit for purpose
industrial: how did Henry Fielding attempt to tackle the rise in crime?
-setting up a small force of full-time, trained officers
-keeping records of crimes
-adverts and info in newspapers
-started a crime magazine
industrial: who were the Bow Street runners?
the un-uniformed officers that henry fielding employed to act as constables
when Henry Fielding died, what did his brother John Fielding do to continue his work?
-began a horse patrol to tackle highway robbery
-continued to publish the weekly newpaper names the ‘Hue and Cry’
when was the MET established in the industrial period?
1829
why was the MET established?
despite schemes like the Bow Street runners being set up, crime continued to rise
who set up the MET?
Sir Robert Peel
why were people opposed to a police force run by the government in industrial england?
-many belived in the idea of people enforcing the law themselves
-many believed it was an invasion of privacy
-gov could use police to attack political opponents
-could cause tax rise
what were officers of the MET called?
‘bobbies’ or ‘peelers’
who ran the MET?
two commissioners - Rowan and Mayne
where was the MET headquaters?
scotland yard
what were the requirements to be in the MET?
35 years old, at least 5 foot 7 inches
what did MET officers wear/carry?
blue jacket, white trousers, truncheon and rattle
once the MET was proven successful, what did the gov set up in other areas of the country? what were the problems with them?
-Municipal Corporation Act - police could be set up in large town
-rural police act - enabled police to set up in more rural areas of the country
-they were only permissive and having a police force wasnt compulasary
what specialised sections of the police force orgiginated in industrial period?
-the detective branch
-the special branch (terrorism)
-photography
-fingerprinting
how did policing change in the modern day?
-less police forces
-more training
-women constables since 1919
-more in touch with community at end of 20th centuary
-new tech
how many police forces were there in 1900 vs in 2000? why did it go down?
-200
-43
-better sharing of info so less needed
-to be cost effective
outline some milestone dates in the development of women’s position in the police force?
-1919 = first official female constable
-1973 = could be detectives
-1974 = equal pay to men
-1999 = no longer called WPCs
towards the end of the twentieth centuary the idea of community policing was given a boost by a variety of schemes - give examples
-neighbourhood watch = 1982, groups of locals preventing crime
-police community support officers = 2002, tackle minor crime
in 1904, how many police forces used bikes?
130
when was the first police car used and when did they become popular?
-1919
-1930s
since when have helicopters have been used for surveillence?
the 1980s
there has been a massive increase in modern vehicles use in the police force but why have they recently increased foot patrols?
in the hope that it would reassure people
when were blue police telephone boxes introduced?
1920s
give an example of when radio communication helped in the modern period?
the arrest of infamous Dr Crippen before he could leave the country
give an example of how police use computer technology
the Police National Computer that stores fingerprints, DNA and missing person records
what specialised police units were set up in the modern era?
-special branch (continued from industrial period)
-flying squad (serious organised crime)
-dog handling
why was the growth of specialist branches needed in the modern day?
becuase the nature of crimes was becoming so varied and complex
