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GCSE History > Punishments > Flashcards

Punishments Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the two different categories of trial in the medieval period?

A

Trial by jury or ordeal

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2
Q

What was the jury in trial by jury made up of?

A

Men from the village decided based on the character of the accused

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3
Q

Describe trial by blessed bread?

A

-usually for priests
-bread was blessed so that it would choke the accused if they were guilty
-if he choked on the bread, he was guilty

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4
Q

What was trial by cold water?

A

-the accused was lowered into a pond/river on a rope
-if they floated they were guilty

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5
Q

What was trial by hot iron?

A

-accused picked up red hot weight
-hand was bandaged
-if it was infected after 3 days, they were guilty

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6
Q

What was trial by hot water?

A

-the accused put their hand into boiling water
-hand bandages
-if infected after 3 days then they were guilty

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7
Q

What was trial by combat?

A

-involved men in dispute fighting each other till one was killed/could no longer fight
-if you lost but lived, you were guilty and were hung

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8
Q

What are the 5 different types of punishment?

A

-Corporal (inflicting pain/mutilation)
-capital (execution)
-humiliation
-exclusion (from society)
-compensatory (paying money to compensate the victim or state)

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9
Q

What are the 5 different purposes of crime?

A

-deterrence
-reform
-maintinence of law and order
-protection (of society)
-retribution (criminals deserve punishment)

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10
Q

What punishments existed in the medieval period?

A

-fines
-whipping
-stocks and pillory
-mutilation
-execution
-imprisonment

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11
Q

Describe fines in the Saxons vs Norman?

A

-Wergild = saxon fines that go to the victim
-Norman = fines paid to crown

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12
Q

What were the Medieval stocks/pillory?

A

Public stocks or a cucking stool

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13
Q

What was multilation in the medieval period for?

A

Eg cutting limbs off for regular offenders of crimes like theft

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14
Q

Describe medieval imprisonment

A

-there were very few gaols so it was only used for those awaiting trials
-rich could choose to be locked in a castle

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15
Q

When was the vagabonds act?

A

1572

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16
Q

What did the vagabonds act say?

A

Whipping, burning a hole in the ear with a hot iron or being branded with a V were all punishments given to vagabonds

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17
Q

What crimes were punishable by the stocks in the early modern to industrial periods?

A

-drunkenness
-profaners
-gamblers
-vagrants
-failure to pay tax on time

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18
Q

What crimes were punishable by the pillory in the early modern-industrial periods?

A

-dishonest traders
-persistent swearing
-cheating at cards
-sex crimes (especially involving children)
-

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19
Q

What crimes were punishable by execution in early modern - industrial periods?

A

-murder
-treason
-arson
-stealing over one shillings worth

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20
Q

What was Tyburn?

A

The Tyburn Tree was a triangular gallows in London designed to hang multiple people at once

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21
Q

How many people were executed at Tyburn?

A

1,232

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22
Q

What percentage of executions at Tyburn were of men under 21?

A

90%

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23
Q

How many people attended the execution of Jack Shepard at Tyburn?

A

200,000

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24
Q

Why did Britain chose to implement transportation?

A

-it was a middle ground punishment = more extreme than whipping but less extreme than excecution
-it would help Britain populate its colonies
-imprisonment was expensive

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25
Q

Why did transportation to America end? When?

A

-becuase America won the war of independence and didn’t want their criminals any more
-1776

26
Q

When did transportation to America start?

A

1678

27
Q

When did the last convict ship arrive in Australia?

A

1868

28
Q

What emerged due to the sharp increase in the prison population after transportation to America stopped?

A

-hulks
-old warships that housed criminals

29
Q

What were the advantages/disadvantages of hulks?

A

-advantage = provided extra space to compensate for overcrowded prisons
-disadvantages = captains made no effort to keep ships clean, lack of supervision led to violence

30
Q

How many convicts were sent to Australia?

A

About 2000 per year

31
Q

What was life like if you became a farm worker in Australia?

A

Could be on an isolated farm at the mercy of their master so dangerous

32
Q

What was life like if you became a domestic worker in Australia?

A

Treated as part of the family

33
Q

Who was best off when they got to Australia?

A

Skilled workers (blacksmiths, carpenters)

34
Q

What brought transportation to an end?

A

-too expensive
-not enough of a deterrent
-Australians no longer wanted their criminals

35
Q

Why did the prison reform happen? Industrial.

A

-Victorian governments adopted a more humanitarian approach
-prison reformers
-ending of transportation meant more people in prison
-change in public attitudes

36
Q

Why did debtors make up so much of the prison population?

A

They would be imprisoned for being in debt and then they would have to pay for food and bedding. They would have to pay a discharge fee when they were released

37
Q

What were John Howard’s proposals for improved prison conditions?

A

-sound, hygienic, roomy buildings
-salaries for gaolers
-training for prisoners to help reform
-inspection of prisons

38
Q

What did John Howard acheive?

A

-the gaol fever bill called for prisons to be regularly cleaned and have a separate sickroom
-MP Pophams second bill put an end to the jail release bill

39
Q

What was sir George o Paul’s proposals for improved prison conditions?

A

-worked with archeitect William Blackburn for new prisons that were:
-secure with high perimeter wall
-isolation sections where new inmates were bathed and disinfected
-separated based on level of crime and gender

40
Q

What did George O Paul acheive?

A

The Gloucester Prison Act 1785

41
Q

Why was Elizabeth Fry and advocate for better prison conditions?

A

She wanted better conditions for women following a visit to the women’s section of Newgate prison

42
Q

What did Elizabeth Fry achieve?

A

-1817 = formed the association for the improvement of women prisoners in Newgate
-formed the ladies prison committee
-female wardens appointed
-schools created in prisons for women and their children

43
Q

when did Robert Peel introduce the Gaols Act?

A

1823

44
Q

what did the Gaols Act say?

A

-a prison in each country and large town
-paid by local rates
-JPs inspect and report on the conditions in them
-the gaoler to be paid a salary
-prisoners classified

45
Q

why did Robert Peel pass the Gaols Act?

A

to adress the reforms demanded by Howard and Fry

46
Q

industrial: what was the seperate system?

A

-reform prisoners through isolation
-seperate cells
-wore masks
-help a knotted rope 4.5 metres apart
-produced items like boots, clothes and sacks

47
Q

industrial: what were the issues with the seperate system?

A

-expensive
-high death rate
-22 went mad and 3 committed suicide

48
Q

industrial: what was the silent system?

A

-the idea was to make life as miserable as possible
-repetitive, pointless tasks
-treadmill (everlasting staircase)
-crank (turn a handle 1000 x)

49
Q

what was involved in the prison act of 1865?

A

-hammocks replaced with a board bed
-hard fare = bread and water for three days - increased to a month for bad behaviour
-prisons are punishment not reform
-hard labour = three months of treadmill, crank etc

50
Q

industrial: give a pro and a con for the silent system

A

-cheaper than the seperate system
-led to lots of suicide and insanity

51
Q

what was involved in the prison act of 1877?

A

-all prisons under home office control
-central organisation on prison system

52
Q

modern: in what act were Borstals set up?

A

the prevention of crime act of 1908

53
Q

modern: describe Borstals

A

-young people between 15-21
-designed to be educational
-routine and discipline

54
Q

when were Borstals abolished?

A

1982

55
Q

what was set up after Borstals were abolished?

A

Youth Detention Centres or Young Offender Institutions for more serious crimes

56
Q

modern: give an example of an open prison

A

-Ford Open Prison, Ford in West Sussex
-based in a former Naval Air station
-no bars on windows or anything
-Category D prisoners
-gardening and vocational work
-1960

57
Q

when was probation introduced?

A

1907

58
Q

modern: what was probation?

A

-instead of prison
-report regularly to police
-strict guidellines
-if not futher crime takes place in this period then no extra punishment

59
Q

modern: how was probation changed slightly in 1982?

A

-offenders had to attend day centres for up to 60 days
-these would discuss barriers to the offender’s behaviour

60
Q

when was the parole board set up?

A

1967

61
Q

modern: what is parole?

A

-parole means being released before the end of your scentence
-they are monitored by police
-can be applied for and denied

62
Q
A

GCSE History (29 decks)

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