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School Revision > Science, Chem - Rate of Reaction, Material Properties, Energy > Flashcards

Science, Chem - Rate of Reaction, Material Properties, Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Isotopes

A
  • atoms of the same elements that have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutron
  • most elements exist as a mixture of isotopes
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2
Q

How to calculate (Isotopes)

A

nucleon no. (top) - proton no. (bottom) = neutrons no.

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3
Q

Meanings

nucleon no. =
proton no. =
________ = ________

A
  • nucleon no. = mass no.
  • proton no. = atomic no.
  • protons have the same amount as electrons
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4
Q

Atom Orbit

A
  • proton = positive (nucleus)
  • neutron = neutral (nucleus)
  • electron = negative (shell)

1st shell = 2 electrons
2nd, 3rd, 4th shell = 8 electrons

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5
Q

Group 1 Elements (6)

A
  • alkali metals
    => lithium (Li)
    => sodium (Na)
    => potassium (K)
    => rubidium (Rb)
    => caesium (Cs)
    => francium (Fr)
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6
Q

Group 2 Elements (6)

A
  • beryllium (Be)
  • magnesium (Mg)
  • calcium (Ca)
  • strontium (Sr)
  • barium (Ba)
  • radium (Ra)

least vigorous ——-> most vigorous
beryllium => magnesium => calcium => strontium => barium => radium

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7
Q

Word equation for group 2

A

lithium + water –> lithium hydroxide + hydrogen

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8
Q

Group 7 Elements (5)

A
  • fluorine (F)
  • chlorine (Cl)
  • bromine (Br)
  • iodine (I)
  • astatine (At)
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9
Q

Group 7 Facts

A
  • also known as halogens
  • the bigger the atom the less reactive it is
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10
Q

Rate of Reaction

A
  • how fast the reaction is (time)
  • 2 conditions must be met
    => reactant particles must collide
    => reactant particles must have sufficient energy
  • formula for rate of reaction
    => changes in the reactant / time taken for the experiment
  • chemical reactions happen at different times
  • high / low rates
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11
Q

Factors affecting rate of reaction

A
  • Temperature
  • Concentration (volume)
  • Surface Area
  • Catalyst
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12
Q

Graph

A

x axis = independent
y axis = dependent

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13
Q

Collision theory

A
  • rate of reaction
  • must collide
  • right amount of energy
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14
Q

Concentration

A

more particles in the same space => more collision => more effective collision

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14
Q

Temperature

A
  • particles turn heat energy into kinetic energy
  • hotter => move faster => more collision => more effective collision
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15
Q

Activation Energy

A
  • minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction
16
Q

Surface Area

A
  • reactions involving a solid = takes place on the surface
  • decreasing the size of a reactant = more surface area is exposed
  • smaller the pieces, the larger the surface area
  • more area => more collisions => more effective collisions

Experiment:
- powder will produce faster because there is more surface area

17
Q

Catalyst

A
  • substances that change the rate of reactions, without being used up in the reaction
  • produce the same amount more quickly, never produce more product
  • catalysts lower the activation energy of a reaction
  • presence of catalysts => activation energy is lower => more collisions => more effective collision
18
Q

Properties of catalysts

A
  • speeds up the rate of reaction
  • not used up in a reaction
  • can be removed and used in another experiment
  • only a small amount is needed in a reaction
19
Q

Importance of catalysts

A
  • products can be made more quickly, saving time & money
  • catalysts reduce the need for high temperature, saving fuel and reducing pollution
20
Q

Exothermic

A
  • give out energy
  • the temperature will increase
  • the end is below the activation energy (graph)
  • more energy is RELEASED that SUPPLIED
21
Q

Endothermic

A
  • take in energy
  • the temperature will decrease
  • the end is above the activation energy (graph)
  • more energy SUPPLIED than RELEASED
22
Q

Chemical energy

A
  • stored in substances
  • released through a chemical reaction
    e.g. fuel, battery, food, firecracker
23
Q

Fuel Value

A
  • amount of heat released when 1g of a fuel is burned
  • fuel value = heat released/mass of fuel
  • higher the fuel value the more energy it has
24
Q

Fire triangle

A
  • fuel
  • oxygen
  • heat
25
Q

Combustion

A
  • chemical reaction
  • takes place when substance burns
  • reacts with oxygen
  • energy is released as heat and light
26
Q

Oxidation

A

reaction with combustion and oxygen

27
Q

Complete Combustion

A
  • carbon reacts with oxygen, completely
  • carbon + oxygen –> carbon dioxide
28
Q

Incomplete Combustion

A
  • carbon reacts with oxygen, incompletely
  • carbon + oxygen –> carbon monoxide

School Revision (34 decks)

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