History - History of Ideas Flashcards
what was the renaissance
- a period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic development
- it was like Europe was reborn after the middle ages
where was the renaissance
- mainly in Italy but also elsewhere in europe
when was the renaissance
14th - 17th Century CE
why did the renaissance happen in italy
- Ancient Rome
- Printing Press
- Collapse of the eastern Roman empire
- City States and Patrons
- Church change
- Geography
Ancient Rome - Renaissance
- Italy was the center of ancient western roman empire
- ruined buildings inspired different people in italy (writers, artists)
the printing press - Renaissance
- invention of the printing press in 1436 CE
- books could be mass produced cheaply for the first time
- made it easier to publish ancient texts and new ideas written in books
collapse of the eastern roman empire - renaissance
- 1453 CE, eastern roman empire collapsed with the fall of Constantinople (Istanbul) to the ottoman empire.
- many writers and great thinkers became refugees and brought great works of ancient greeks and romans
city states and patrons - renaissance
- divided into different city states (Venice)
- each state was dominated by powerful of families (medici in Florence) who became very wealthy
- they paid huge sums of money to bring the greatest artists and architects (known as patrons of the arts)
- other city states competed with Florence by also spending Money on the best artists and architects to produce great works
the church - renaissance
- home of the catholic churches
- churches controlled a lot of political, economic and intellectual life of Europe
- members of the church became more open to knew ideas (dissection of human bodies)
- made artists get inspiration
geography - renaissance
- a peninsula on the mediterranean sea
- became an important trading hub for European, African, and Asian routes
- good and different ideas were brought to Italy from all around the world
- Traders and bankers became rich and moved into the cities
renaissance art
- religious scenes
- classical, portraits and natural world scenes
- attention paid to the human body and animals
- more realistic
- focused on emotions, human beauty and background details (sense of depth)
- gradual blending
architecture - renaissance
- inspired by ancient roman and Greek architecture and design
- renaissance is known as being the classical style
4 main factors - architecture in renaissance
- symmetry
- columns
- classical - domes
- rounded spectacular domes - arches
- show off engineering styles
science - renaissance
- humanism: the focus more on human experience rather than faith and the afterlife
- the study of astronomy started as scientists questioned the church’s statements
- autopsies started in the 15th centuries to understand what had caused the diseases
who did the art in the renaissance period?
LEONARDO DA VINCI !!
- genius and poly math
- known as the renaissance man
- helped change art, architecture, science and philosophy
what was the enlightenment?
- a different way of thinking about life
- brought significant changes
- philosophical movement
- essential for laying the base for democracy
- gave people more freedom
- more economic prosperity
- focus on reason, individualism, and skepticism
when was the enlightenment?
between the 1600s - 1700s
where was the enlightenment
largely based in Europe and North America
who is was in enlightenment
- Voltaire
- Montesquieu
- Mary Wollstonecraft
who was in the 1st estate
church members (monks, priests, nuns, bishops)
- 0.5% of the population
- rich and powerful
- owned 10% of land
- paid no taxes instead made a gift for the king each year
- controlled the publishing
who was in the second estate
nobility
- owned 30% of land
- paid no taxes
- tax collectors
- most in army and church
who was in the 3rd estate
bourgeois
- 8% of the population
- middle classes (merchants, lawyers, and bankers)
- became quite wealthy and important to the prosperity of France
sans-culottes
- 5% of population
- unskilled workers
- 75% of the population in Paris and other cities
- named after clothes
peasants
- 85% of the population
- lived in the countryside and worked on the land
- owned 40% of the land
- many starve
when was the 3 estates
1302 - 1789
what was the three estates
social hierarchy
what was the French revolution
- period of political and societal change in France - fall of the monarchy
- growth of nationalism
- rise of middle class
when was the French revolution
1789 - 1799
why did the French revolution happen
- combination of long and short term factors
long term
- unequal estate system
- enlightenment ideas
- food shortages
- financial crisis (Frace borrowed money from various resources putting them in debt)
short term
- influence of the American Revolution
- failure to reform taxation (3rd estate had to pay even tho they had no money already)
who was in the French revolution
- Louis XVI
- King of France during the revolution
- ultimately disposed and executed during the revolution
who was the Karl Marx
- philosopher and economist
- created the idea for Marxism
what was Karl Marx’s ideas?
workers will rise up and take control of the government and factories (communism)
Marxist stage theory
- primitive communism
- tribes worked together to survive, shared resources - feudalism
- monarchs ruling the land will reward by giving land - middle class revolution
- bourgeois will rise up to represent their ideas - working class revolution
- become angry because of the middle class’s want for power, will rise up to overthrow the government - communism
- land and resources will be shared equally
- there’s only one class, the working class
- communism will spread around the world so no need for countries or religion
when did Marx live?
19th century
key figures
- Vladimir Lenin
- Leon Trotsky
- Tsar Nicholas II
- Alexander Kerensky
Vladimir Lenin
- central and pivotal figure during the Russian Revolution
- advocated for total transformation of the Russian state into a socialist society
- returned to Russia in April 1979 marked a turning point as he introduced the ‘April theses’
- slogan: Peace, Land and Bread
- successfully led to the establishment of the first socialist government
- shaped the following policies of the new government
what is the April theses
vision for immediate peace, land redistribution and the transfer of power to the soviets
Leon Trotsky
- close relationship with Vladimir Lenin
- planned and executed the October Revolution in 1917
- organized and directed the red guard and the red army during the Russian civil war
Tsar Nicholas II
- his decisions lead to the downfall of the Romanov dynasty
- last reigning monarch of Russia
- The February revolution, triggered by food shortages, labour strikes, and military discontent, resulted in his abdication
Alexander Kerensky
- came into power after Nicholas II, in February 1917
- helped navigate the rocky period of transition from autocracy to a more democratic system
- had to manage and go through the complexities of WW1
- Bolsheviks (Vladimir Lenin) overthrew them
