History - History of Ideas

Question 1

what was the renaissance

Answer 1

• a period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic development
• it was like Europe was reborn after the middle ages

Question 2

where was the renaissance

Answer 2

• mainly in Italy but also elsewhere in europe

Question 3

when was the renaissance

Answer 3

14th - 17th Century CE

Question 4

why did the renaissance happen in italy

Answer 4

• Ancient Rome
• Printing Press
• Collapse of the eastern Roman empire
• City States and Patrons
• Church change
• Geography

Question 5

Ancient Rome - Renaissance

Answer 5

• Italy was the center of ancient western roman empire
• ruined buildings inspired different people in italy (writers, artists)

Question 6

the printing press - Renaissance

Answer 6

• invention of the printing press in 1436 CE
• books could be mass produced cheaply for the first time
• made it easier to publish ancient texts and new ideas written in books

Question 7

collapse of the eastern roman empire - renaissance

Answer 7

• 1453 CE, eastern roman empire collapsed with the fall of Constantinople (Istanbul) to the ottoman empire.
• many writers and great thinkers became refugees and brought great works of ancient greeks and romans

Question 8

city states and patrons - renaissance

Answer 8

• divided into different city states (Venice)
• each state was dominated by powerful of families (medici in Florence) who became very wealthy
• they paid huge sums of money to bring the greatest artists and architects (known as patrons of the arts)
• other city states competed with Florence by also spending Money on the best artists and architects to produce great works

Question 9

the church - renaissance

Answer 9

• home of the catholic churches
• churches controlled a lot of political, economic and intellectual life of Europe
• members of the church became more open to knew ideas (dissection of human bodies)
• made artists get inspiration

Question 10

geography - renaissance

Answer 10

• a peninsula on the mediterranean sea
• became an important trading hub for European, African, and Asian routes
• good and different ideas were brought to Italy from all around the world
• Traders and bankers became rich and moved into the cities

Question 11

renaissance art

Answer 11

• religious scenes
• classical, portraits and natural world scenes
• attention paid to the human body and animals
• more realistic
• focused on emotions, human beauty and background details (sense of depth)
• gradual blending

Question 12

architecture - renaissance

Answer 12

• inspired by ancient roman and Greek architecture and design
• renaissance is known as being the classical style

Question 13

4 main factors - architecture in renaissance

Answer 13

1. symmetry
2. columns
   - classical
3. domes
   - rounded spectacular domes
4. arches
   - show off engineering styles

Question 14

science - renaissance

Answer 14

• humanism: the focus more on human experience rather than faith and the afterlife
• the study of astronomy started as scientists questioned the church’s statements
• autopsies started in the 15th centuries to understand what had caused the diseases

Question 15

who did the art in the renaissance period?

Answer 15

LEONARDO DA VINCI !!
- genius and poly math
- known as the renaissance man
- helped change art, architecture, science and philosophy

Question 16

what was the enlightenment?

Answer 16

• a different way of thinking about life
• brought significant changes
• philosophical movement
• essential for laying the base for democracy
• gave people more freedom
• more economic prosperity
• focus on reason, individualism, and skepticism

Question 17

when was the enlightenment?

Answer 17

between the 1600s - 1700s

Question 18

where was the enlightenment

Answer 18

largely based in Europe and North America

Question 19

who is was in enlightenment

Answer 19

• Voltaire
• Montesquieu
• Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 20

who was in the 1st estate

Answer 20

church members (monks, priests, nuns, bishops)
- 0.5% of the population
- rich and powerful
- owned 10% of land
- paid no taxes instead made a gift for the king each year
- controlled the publishing

Question 21

who was in the second estate

Answer 21

nobility
- owned 30% of land
- paid no taxes
- tax collectors
- most in army and church

Question 22

who was in the 3rd estate

Answer 22

bourgeois
- 8% of the population
- middle classes (merchants, lawyers, and bankers)
- became quite wealthy and important to the prosperity of France

sans-culottes
- 5% of population
- unskilled workers
- 75% of the population in Paris and other cities
- named after clothes

peasants
- 85% of the population
- lived in the countryside and worked on the land
- owned 40% of the land
- many starve

Question 23

when was the 3 estates

Answer 23

1302 - 1789

Question 24

what was the three estates

Answer 24

social hierarchy

Question 25

what was the French revolution

Answer 25

• period of political and societal change in France - fall of the monarchy
• growth of nationalism
• rise of middle class

Question 26

when was the French revolution

Answer 26

1789 - 1799

Question 27

why did the French revolution happen

Answer 27

• combination of long and short term factors

long term
- unequal estate system
- enlightenment ideas
- food shortages
- financial crisis (Frace borrowed money from various resources putting them in debt)

short term
- influence of the American Revolution
- failure to reform taxation (3rd estate had to pay even tho they had no money already)

Question 28

who was in the French revolution

Answer 28

1. Louis XVI
   - King of France during the revolution
   - ultimately disposed and executed during the revolution

Question 29

who was the Karl Marx

Answer 29

• philosopher and economist
• created the idea for Marxism

Question 30

what was Karl Marx’s ideas?

Answer 30

workers will rise up and take control of the government and factories (communism)

Question 31

Marxist stage theory

Answer 31

1. primitive communism
   - tribes worked together to survive, shared resources
2. feudalism
   - monarchs ruling the land will reward by giving land
3. middle class revolution
   - bourgeois will rise up to represent their ideas
4. working class revolution
   - become angry because of the middle class’s want for power, will rise up to overthrow the government
5. communism
   - land and resources will be shared equally
   - there’s only one class, the working class
   - communism will spread around the world so no need for countries or religion

Question 32

when did Marx live?

Answer 32

19th century

Question 33

key figures

Answer 33

1. Vladimir Lenin
2. Leon Trotsky
3. Tsar Nicholas II
4. Alexander Kerensky

Question 34

Vladimir Lenin

Answer 34

• central and pivotal figure during the Russian Revolution
• advocated for total transformation of the Russian state into a socialist society
• returned to Russia in April 1979 marked a turning point as he introduced the ‘April theses’
• slogan: Peace, Land and Bread
• successfully led to the establishment of the first socialist government
• shaped the following policies of the new government

Question 35

what is the April theses

Answer 35

vision for immediate peace, land redistribution and the transfer of power to the soviets

Question 36

Leon Trotsky

Answer 36

• close relationship with Vladimir Lenin
• planned and executed the October Revolution in 1917
• organized and directed the red guard and the red army during the Russian civil war

Question 37

Tsar Nicholas II

Answer 37

• his decisions lead to the downfall of the Romanov dynasty
• last reigning monarch of Russia
• The February revolution, triggered by food shortages, labour strikes, and military discontent, resulted in his abdication

Question 38

Alexander Kerensky

Answer 38

• came into power after Nicholas II, in February 1917
• helped navigate the rocky period of transition from autocracy to a more democratic system
• had to manage and go through the complexities of WW1
• Bolsheviks (Vladimir Lenin) overthrew them