Science, Bio - Diet, Circulatory System & Digestion Flashcards
types of teeth
- incisors
- canines
- premolars
- molars
- wisdom teeth
incisors
- biting and cutting
- front of your mouths
- 8
canines
- ripping and tearing
- either side of incisors
- 4
- pointed and sharp
premolars
- near the back of the mouth
- hold and crush food
- flat surface
- larger than incisor and canine teeth
molars
- near the
back of your mouth - chew and grind food
- bigger than premolars
wisdom teeth
- extra set of molars
- no function
parts of the teeth
- crown
- root
- enamel
- dentine
- pulp
- cementum
parts of the circulatory system
- heart
- blood vessels
- blood
circulatory system
- carries nutrients and oxygen to cells
- carries waste to where it is disposed of
- distributes heat throughout your body
heart
- size of fist
- cardiac muscle (special type of muscle)
- four chambers (right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle)
- muscular pump
- needs oxygen
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
capillaries
- narrowest blood vessel
- reaches nearly every cell of the body
- walls are one cell thick
veins
carry blood back to the heart
double circulatory system
first circulation:
heart => body => heart …
- carries oxygenated blood around the body and sends back deoxygenated blood
second circulation:
heart => lungs => heart …
- carries deoxygenated blood to lungs and sends back oxygenated blood to the heart
left side: oxygenated
right side: deoxygenated
functions of blood
- carry food and oxygen
- fight infections
- clot wounds
- distribute heat and hormones
red blood cells
- live for 120 days
- iron is required to make haemaglobin (protein) which attaches the oxygen to the red blood cells
- transport oxygen around the body
platelets
- broken up bits of the cells
- produced by bone marrow
- help blood clot
white blood cells
- part of immune system
- fight disease
plasma
- liquid part of the blood
- transports nutrients, waste & chemicals needed by the cell
order of digestive system
mouth => oesphagous => stomach => small intestine => large intestine => rectum
enzyme
- speeds up reactions by breaking down larger / long molecules into smaller / shorter molecules
- they are proteins
- they are catalysts
- they are specific
carbohydrates = __________
protein = ______________
fats = __________
carbohydrates = amylase / carbohydrase
protein = protease
fats = lipase
changes of an enzyme
if temperature and pH irreversibly change it will no longer work
7 food groups
- carbohydrates
- protein
- fats & oils
- minerals
- vitamins
- fibre
- water
carbohydrates
- source of energy
- starch & sugars are two kinds of carbohydrates
- used as a fuel
eg. bread, cereal, pasta, rice, cake, potatoes
protein
- essential for growth and repair
- needed to make new cells
eg. egg, meat, fish, nuts, dairy, milk
fats and oils
- energy reserve / storing energy
- provides insulation
eg. butter, cakes, red mear, cheese, crisps
minerals
- keep body healthy
- needed in tiny amounts
eg. fruit, vegetables, fish, cereal, pate, milk, herbs & spices
vitamins
- needed in small amounts for different things
- Vitamin A = healthy eyes, Vitamin C = repair to the skin
eg. fruits, vegetables, fish, cereal
fibre
- not digested
- keeps large intestine wall working well
- removes solid waste
- helps move food thru our large intestine
eg. fruits, vegetables, wholemeals products
water
- keeps us hydrated
eg. water, fruit, vegetables & drinks
digestion
- food being broken down into different substances so our bodies can use it
- unable to absorb food without it
- chemical and physical process
- breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones (done using enzymes)
types of digestion
- mechanical
- chewing
- grinding
- mashing - chemical
- enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of carbohydrates, protein and lipids (fat)
mouth
- mechanically break down food into smaller pieces
- tongue mixes food with saliva, containing amylase (helps breaks down starch)
oesophagus
- 20 cm long
- produces / discharges mucus
- moves food from throat to stomach (muscle movement: peristalsis)
stomach
- j shaped
- muscular bag
- stores food you eat
- breaks down food into tiny pieces
- mixes with digestive juices containing enzymes to break down protein and lipids
- acid kills bacteria
small intestine
- 7 meters long
- wall lining has finger-like projections (villi) to increase surface area
- villi is covered in microvilli, increases surface area for absorption
- nutrients from food pass into bloodstream thru these walls
things small intestine absorb
- 80% ingested water
- vitamins
- minerals
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids (fats)
large intestine
- 1.5 meters long
- accepts what small intestines don’t absorb
- rectum (short-term storage to hold faeces before it is excreted)
large intestine functions
- absorb more water
- concentrate wastes
accessory organs
- not part of the path of food, but play a vital role
- the glands
liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
liver
- produces bile
bile
-helps digest fat
- filters out toxins & waste (drugs, alcohol and poisons)
- stored in liver and gallbladder
gall bladder
- store bile & releases it into small intestine
- fatty diets cause gallstones
pancreas
- produces digestive enzymes to digest fats, carbohydrates and proteins
- regulates blood sugar by producing insulin
How do the fats, proteins and carbohydrates from the food that we eat enter the blood stream?
- thru digestive system
- enzymes will speed up chemical reaction of breaking down carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones
coronary heart disease
- coronary arteries can become blocked by plaque, cause by bad cholesterol
- plaque cause the artery to become narrow, restricting blood to flow to the organ
factors of a heart attack
- family history
- bad life choices (smoking, alcohol, lack of excercise)
- high cholesterol
- high blood pressure
how to reduce risk of heart attack
- having a healthy life style
- taking medications
- control cholesterol (plaque)
benedicts test
SUGAR
- blue = no sugar
- orange = sugar
biuret test
PROTEIN
- purple: positive
- blue: negative
iodine test
STARCH
- brown: no starch
- black: starch
Alcohol test
FATS & OILS
- white cloud emulsion: fat is present
