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Biology gcse > ⭐️SB7- Animal Coordination, Control And Homeostasis > Flashcards

⭐️SB7- Animal Coordination, Control And Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

Rate at which energy stored in food is transferred by all reactions that happen in the body

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2
Q

What is resting metabolic rate?

A

Metabolic rate that’s measured when the body’s at rest, in a warm room long after a meal

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3
Q

Name a hormone that effects metabolic rate

A

Thyroxine as it changes how certain cells work e.g. causing heart cells to contract more strongly

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4
Q

Where is thyroxine released from?

A

The thyroid gland

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5
Q

What’s negative feedback?

A

When an action directly triggers an opposite response

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6
Q

How is control of thyroxine level in the blood an example of negative feedback?

A

As an increase in thyroxine concentration directly causes a change that brings about a decrease in the amount of thyroxine released into the blood

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7
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The constant maintenance of internal conditions to maintain optimal conditions for cellular reactions.

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8
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that take time to get around the body and are transported by the blood to their target organs

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9
Q

What processes require transfer of energy when the body is at rest?

A

Respiration, digestion, heart rate, mitosis e.c.t

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10
Q

How are thyroxine and metabolism linked?

A

It is produced when metabolism needs to be higher

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11
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus make?

A

TRH

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12
Q

What hormone does the pituitary gland make?

A

TSH

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13
Q

What does TRH do?

A

It triggers the pituitary gland to make TSH

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14
Q

What does TSH do?

A

It triggers the thyroid gland to release thyroxine which goes to its target organs

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15
Q

What hormone do the adrenal glands release and where are they located?

A

Adrenalin, glands located above the kidneys

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16
Q

What are the three target organs of adrenaline?

A

The liver, the heart and the blood vessels

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17
Q

What does adrenaline do to the liver?

A

Causes breakdown of glycogen and when broken down, glucose molecules are released into the body for respiration

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18
Q

What does adrenaline do to the heart?

A

Causes the heart muscles to rapidly contract, increasing heart rate and pressure of blood flow

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19
Q

What does adrenaline do to the blood vessels?

A

Either widens the diameter to increase blood flow

Or narrows the diameter to reduce blood flow to muscles increasing blood pressure

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20
Q

Why is it important for adrenaline to trigger liver cells into changing glycogen to glucose?

A

As it increases blood sugar concentration and can then be used in respiration as energy

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21
Q

How long in a menstrual cycle cycle?

A

28 days

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22
Q

What happens at the start of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation that lasts from 3-7 days

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23
Q

What is FSH?

A

A hormone produced just after menstruation, by the pituitary gland.

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24
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Matures the edges in the ovaries and stimulates the follicles to produce oestrogen

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25
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Day 13-15

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26
Q

When is a woman most likely to get pregnant?

A

After the ovary releases the egg in ovulation : between day 16-20 of her cycle

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27
Q

What does increasing oestrogen after being triggered by FSH cause?

A

The LH hormone surges causing the dominant follicle to rupture and releasing a mature egg from the ovary into the Fallopian tube

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28
Q

What happens to the empty follicle after the LH surge causes the egg to be released?

A

Progesterone is produced by the follicle inside the ovary

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29
Q

What does progesterone cause?

A

Further build up in the lining of the womb in preparation for a fertilised egg

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30
Q

What happens at the end of the cycle if the egg isn’t fertilised?

A

The follicle shrinks, progesterone decreases causing the uterus lining to break down and shed and menstruation starts again

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31
Q

For oestrogen:

Where is it produced?
When is it produced?
What does it trigger?

A
  • produces by the follicles in the ovaries
  • at around the middle of the menstrual cycle
  • triggers the LH hormone to surge and inhibits FSH
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32
Q

How does a diaphragm or cap prevent fertilisation?

A

As it’s placed over the cervix and prevents sperm entering the vagina

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33
Q

How does the hormone pill prevent fertilisation?

A

It releases hormones to prevent ovulation and thickens mucus at the cervix making it hard for sperm to pass through

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34
Q

Why does the pill have a lot of oestrogen?

Use knowledge of hormones to explain

A

As oestrogen inhibits FSH so no eggs will be matured

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35
Q

What is IVF?

A

Invetro fertilisation which stands for fertilisation in a Petri dish

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36
Q

When may a couple find it hard to have children?

A

When a woman is Lowe on oestrogen, when there’s a lack of FSH, if the male has a low sperm count e. c.t

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37
Q

What is Assisted Reproductive Technique? (ART)

A

A technique that uses hormones and other techniques to increase chances of getting pregnant

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38
Q

Name some ART techniques

A

Clomifene therapy and IVF

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39
Q

What is clomifene therapy?

A

A drug that helps increase the concentration of FSH and LH in the blood for women that rarely or never release an egg in the menstrual cycle

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40
Q

What problems can IVF overcome?

A

Blocked oviducts in the woman, low sperm count for makes

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41
Q

What are the steps to IVF?

A
  1. Egg follicle maturation stimulated by hormones
  2. Egg cell released by follicles taken from ovary
  3. Sperm cells taken from man
  4. Egg and sperm combined in Petri dish
  5. If fertilised, one/two embryos placed in uterus
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42
Q

For LH,

Where is it produced?
When is it produced?
What does it trigger?

A

Produced in the pituitary gland, middle of the cycle around day 14 and triggers ovulation by causing the dominant follicle to rupture releasing a mature egg

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43
Q

For progesterone,

Where is it produced?
When is it produced?
What does it trigger?

A

Made by the empty follicle around day 22 of the cycle, causes the uterus lining to thicken in preparation for the fertilised egg

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44
Q

What can urine tests do?

A

Test for pregnancy and diseases like diabetes

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45
Q

What does insulin do?

A

A hormone that regulates blood glucose concentration

46
Q

What food group breaks down into glucose?

A

Carbohydrates

47
Q

Why is it important to control blood glucose levels?

A

If it’s too high, organs can be damaged

48
Q

What happens once the pancreas produces insulin?

A

cells in the liver and other organs take in glucose

49
Q

What happens when blood glucose rises?

A

It stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin

50
Q

What happens once cells in liver and elsewhere take in glucose?

A

The glucose is changed to glycogen for storage which makes blood glucose concentration fall back to normal

51
Q

What happens when blood glucose falls?

A

Cells in the pancreas stop releasing insulin altogether

52
Q

What’s glucagon?

A

A hormone released by the pancreatic cells

53
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Causes liver cells to convert glycogen back to glucose and so the pancreas releases a lower amount of glucagon until it no longer has to

54
Q

Give an example of homeostasis?

A

Maintaining glucose levels in the blood

55
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Where the pancreatic cells that should produce insulin don’t as the cells have been destroyed by the body’s immune system

56
Q

What is the first test for type 1 diabetes?

A

To see if there’s glucose in urine

57
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be treated, what’s the advantages and disadvantages for each of them?

A

Via insulin injections
Adv:cheap and discreet
Dis adv. greater chance in sudden increase or decrease of blood glucose concentration and uses more insulin per day
-or by an insulin pump:
Adv: controls glucose concentration better
Disadvantage: expensive and must be worn all the time

58
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Caused by an insulin resistance as the liver cells don’t respond to the insulin or respond very poorly

59
Q

How can the conditions of type 2 diabetes be improved?

A

By eating healthily, exercising more or with medicine to reduce amount of glucose the liver releases into the blood

60
Q

What makes people more likely to develop type two diabetes?

A

The amount of fat in their body, genetic factors

61
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Mass (kg)/height squared in meters

62
Q

Give an alternative measurement to BMI and how it’s calculated

A

waist to hip ratio

Calculated by taking the waist measurement and dividing it by the hip measurement

63
Q

What does the regulatory centre do and where is it?

A

senses the temp of blood flowing through the hypothalamus

64
Q

How does the hypothalamus detect heat?

A

From heat receptors in the skin
Sensory neurones
The regulatory centre

65
Q

What is vasodilation

A

It’s when the rate of heat loss is increased

66
Q

When is vasodilation triggered?

A

When core body temp starts to increase

67
Q

What are the steps to allow vasodilation?

A
  1. Smooth muscles in the arteriole walls relax and the wall itself dilates
  2. More blood then flows through the capillaries near the skins surface
  3. This increases the rate if heat loss in the body
68
Q

What’s vasoconstriction?

A

A decrease in the rate of heat loss

69
Q

What triggers vasoconstriction?

A

When the core body temp decreases

70
Q

What are the steps that allow vasoconstriction?

A
  1. Smooth muscles in the arteriole walls contract so the arteriole is constricted
  2. Less blood is then allowed to flow through the capillaries close to the skins surface as blood
  3. Instead, blood is redirected to lower layers of skin
  4. Rate of heat loss from body is decreased
71
Q

How is vasoconstriction and vasodilation an example of negative feedback?

A

As it helps keep conditions in the body under control at the right levels

72
Q

What’s thermoregulation?

A

Controlling body temp. so it stays at 37°C

73
Q

Why does your hair stand on end when you’re cold?

A

As when rate of heat loss increases, the pilli erector muscles contract which makes the hair stand on end so that there’s an insulating layer of air between the hair to reduce heat loss rate

74
Q

Why is pili erection more effective in mammals?

A

As their hair is much thicker and so the air layer will be more insulating

75
Q

Describe the role of the sweat gland in thermoregulation [2]

A

Sweat gland releases water onto the skin’s surface [1]

This water then evaporates [1] removing heat from the skin’s surface [1]

76
Q

Why do we shiver?

A

As the muscles contract repeatedly so the rate of respiration in the muscles increases and more heat is generated

77
Q

What happens when blood temp rises, what responses are triggered?

A

Change detected by the hypothalamus triggered the responses of vasodilation and sweating

78
Q

What happens when blood temperature falls, what responses are triggered?

A

The change of temp is detected by the hypothalamus triggering vasoconstriction, goosebumps and shivering

79
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The control in the balance of water and mineral salts in the body

80
Q

Why is it important there is the right balance of water and mineral salts in cells?

A

As the cells may be caused to loose or take in too much water by osmosis

81
Q

Why is water in cells important?

A

It allows molecules in the cell’s reactions to move around and its needed to maintain cellular shape

82
Q

What is the urinary system for?

A

To remove excess amounts of some substances from the blood

83
Q

What do renal veins do?

A

Carry clean blood back to the body

84
Q

What do the ureters do?

A

Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

85
Q

What does urine flow through to exit the body?

A

The urethra

86
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

Remove substances from the blood and make urine

87
Q

What are the two problems that can cause happen to the kidneys?

A

Kidney stones and renal damage / faliure

88
Q

How can kidney failure or renal damage be treated?

A

With dialysis or kidney transplant

89
Q

Give 2 advantages of a kidney transplant

A
  • patients can lead a more normal life without having to watch what they eat
  • cheaper for the NHS overall
90
Q

What are the disadvantages of a kidney transplant?

A
  • the kidney only lasts 8-9 years on average
  • the operation carries risks
  • shortage of organ donors
  • immune suppressant drugs have to be taken which increase risk of infection
91
Q

What are the advantages of dialysis?

A
  • No need for immune suppressant drugs

- available to all kidney patients

92
Q

What’s the disadvantages of dialysis?

A
  • Patient must limit their salt and protein intake
  • dialysis sessions are regular
  • expensive for the NHS
93
Q

How does a dialysis machine work?

A

Blood flows through a tube of semi permeable membrane in a dialysis fluid and excess salts and urea move out of blood by diffusion along a concentration gradient though the semi permeable membrane

94
Q

In dialysis, why is there no net movement of sugar?

A

As the concentration of sugar in the dialysis fluid is the same as that in the blood of the patient

95
Q

Why is it important for someone who has a kidney transplant to take immune system suppressant drugs?

A

As the cells in the patients immune system may attack the antigens in the kidney and cause the body to reject it despite the kidney donors antigens and the patients antigens have been matched as there’s still a risk

96
Q

What is the glomerulus in the kidney?
what does it do?
Why is it able to do this?

A

A capillary network that runs through the bowman capsule
It filters blood by squeezing it through
This happens because the waste products that must be filtered like urea are small enough to be pushed through while proteins and blood cells are too big

97
Q

What happens in the convoluted tuble in the kidney and why?

A

Selective reabsorption as glucose and mineral ions that are needed re enter the blood via active transport

98
Q

What happens at the loop of Henle in the kidney, how and why?

A

Where water is reabsorbed out of urine
Happens via osmosis through a semi permeable membrane
This is to get remaining water out of urine to get as much water as possible

99
Q

What happens at the collecting duct in the kidney, how and why?

A

Where water is reabsorbed back into the blood through osmosis
It happens by ADH changing the permeability of the collecting duct so it’s easier to release the water into the blood

100
Q

What is ADH?

A

A hormone that changes permeability of the collecting duct in the kidney

101
Q

What happens if water in the blood is too low?

A
  1. Pituitary gland secrets ADH
  2. collecting duct becomes more permeable to water
  3. Water passes back into the blood
102
Q

What are the structural features of the nephron in chronological order?

A

The glomerulus
First convoluted tube
Loop of henle
Collecting duct

103
Q

Why do reptiles lie in sunlight for a long period of time? [2]

A

Because reptiles are ectothermic [1]

This means they cannot generate heat to maintain their own body temp [1]

104
Q

What does the hypothalamus do to body temperature?

A

It controls it

105
Q

How can excessive cause body temperature to increase? [2]

A

Because the muscles contract and relax [1]

And they release heat energy by respiration [1]

106
Q

Explain how the capillaries are adapted to allow water and ions into the Bowman’s capsule

A

As they only let small molecules like urea, water and glucose through but keep larger molecules like blood cells and proteins in the blood

107
Q

Explain one disadvantage of using hormones to stimulate ovulation to treat infertility [2]

A

More than one egg is fertilised [1]

This could increase risk of complications [1]

108
Q

High levels of what hormone prevent ovulation during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

109
Q

Explain how the blood entering a nephron is filtered to remove excess sodium ions and water [3]

A

Ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus where the liquid part of the blood passes into the bowman’s capsule [1]
Reabsorption takes place as it travels through the proximal convoluted tuble into the loop of Henle [1]
Urine production then occurs in the collecting duct and excess fluid and sodium ions are removed [1]

110
Q

Explain why a doctor might advise someone with type two diabetes to increase their daily excessive [2]

A

As excessive reduces blood sugar levels [1] because the muscle cells will use up more glucose [1] in aerobic respiration

Biology gcse (32 decks)

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