⭐️SB5 - health, Disease And The Developments Of Medicines Flashcards
What is health?
The state of complete physical, social and mental well-being
What does physical well being include?
Being free from disease, sleeping well, getting regularly activity and limiting the intake of harmful substances like drugs
What does social well being include?
How well you get on with others and how your surroundings affect you
What does mental well being include?
How you feel about yourself
Where are people more likely to have poorer health and why?
In regions where there are disasters like floods or wars as there will be more disease and fewer doctors and hospitals
What is a disease?
A problem with a structure or process in the body that is not the result of an injury and it may be due to microorganisms getting into the body and changing how it works
What are pathogens?
The microorganisms that cause a disease
What is a communicable disease? What does this mean?
A disease caused by pathogens and means it can be passes from an infected person to other people
What are non communicable diseases?
Diseases that can’t be passed from person to person
What causes a non communicable disease?
A problem in the body such as a fault in the genes or as a result of the way we live our lifestyle
Give causes for diseases to be correlated so that having one disease means a person is more likely to have another?
- a disease that damages the immune system like HIV
- a disease that damages the body’s natural barriers and defences
- a disease that stops an organ system from working effectively making more diseases likely to occur
Name 3 types of non communicable disease and their causes
- Genetic disorder caused by faulty alleles of genes
- deficiency disease caused by malnutrition
- cirrhosis (a liver disease) caused by large amount of alcohol intake in a short period of time
What disease is caused by the deficiency of protein, what are the symptoms and give good sources of protein?
Kwashiorkor, symptoms of enlarged belly, small muscles and failure to grow properly. Good sources are meat, fish, dairy, eggs and pulses
What disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin c , what are the symptoms and give good sources of vitamin c?
Scurvy, symptoms of swelling and bleeding gums, muscle and joint pain, tiredness, good sources are citrus fruits and vegetables like broccoli
What disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin D/calcium, what are the symptoms and give good sources of vitamin D?
Rickets or osteomalacia, causes soft bones and curved leg bones, oily fish provides vitamin d and dairy products provide calcium
What disease is caused by the deficiency of iron what are the symptoms and give good sources of iron?
Anaemia, causes red blood cells smaller than normal size and in reduced no leading to tiredness, good sources are red meat, dark leafy green vegetables and egg yolk
Why is alcohol a drug?
As it changes the way our body works
What organ breaks down ethanol?
The liver
What are the impacts of a cirrhotic liver?
The liver doesn’t function well and can result in death
How are alcohol related liver disease cases changing over time?
The amount of money spent treating them is rising and the no, of cases is rising
What causes obesity?
Malnutrition that’s caused by a diet that is high in sugar and fats
Why is some fat useful in our body?
As it cushions organs when we move, stores vitamins and provides a store of energy
What is the main disease obesity can lead to? What is it?
Cardiovascular disease and is where the circulatory system functions poorly
Give a symptom of a cardiovascular disease
High blood pressure which can lead to a heart attack
How is the BMI measured and what is it for?
BMI = mass m / height^2 kg
It estimates the amount of fat in the body
What assumptions are made when calculating the BMI?
That the the mass of other body tissues is in proportion to the height
How do you get waist:hip ratio and why do we use it?
By dividing the waist measurements by the hip measurement. It’s used as abdominal fat is closely linked to CV disease
What can the substances in Tobacco smoke do to the body?
Increase blood pressure
Make blood vessels narrower
Increase risk of blood clots forming
(All these risks can lead to CV disease
How are substances In tobacco smoke able to be transported around the body?
As they can be absorbed from the lungs and into the blood
How do substances in tobacco smoke cause blood clots forming? What does this lead to?
- Substances from tobacco smoke damage the artery lining
- Fat builds up in the artery walk at the site of damage making the artery more narrow
- Blood clot may form here or break off and block an artery in another part of the body causing heart attack or stroke
How may a doctor prevent someone with high blood pressure getting a CV disease?
Exercise more, give up smoking and take medicines if necessary
What surgical procedure can be used to treat a narrowed blood vessel?
It can be widened by inserting a stent at the narrowest part to hold it open
How are blocked arteries in the heart treated with surgery?
By being bypassed by inserting other blood vessels so that the heart tissue is supplied with oxygen and nutrients again.
What are the downsides to treating CV disease with operations?
They may have to take medicine for the rest of their lives to help prevent a heart attack or stroke
What are the types of pathogens
Bacteria, protists, fungi
For cholera:
Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease
Type of pathogen=Bacteria,
Spreads by consuming contaminated food/water and so the bacteria produces toxins in the intestines
Symptoms = severe diarrhoea, vomiting and dehydration
For tuberculosis
Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease
- Type of pathogen= bacteria
- spreads though the air, airborne
- symptoms = coughing 3 weeks, coughing blood, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats
For chalara dieback,
Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease
- Pathogen type=fungus
- spreads through spores released from fungal bodies from fallen leaves
- symptoms=black blotches on leaves and spots on stems and branches
For malaria:
Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease
Type of pathogen= protists
Spread by mosquitos
Symptoms = 38 degree or above temp. Feeling hot/ shivery, headaches, vomiting, muscle pain
For haemorrhagic fever caused by the Ebola virus,
How does it spread an what are the symptoms
- carried by rodents in reservoirs and transmitted to humans when they come into contact with urine, fecal matter or saliva from them
- causes fatigue, fever, weakness or dizziness
Why aren’t viruses true organisms?
Thy don’t have a cellular structure
How do viruses multiply?
They infect a new cell and take over the cell’s DNA copying processes to make new viruses
For AIDS causes by HIV pathogen,
Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease
Type of pathogen = virus
- spreads through blood or semen mainly through sex and needles
- symptoms = short flu like illness, weakened immune system
For stomach ulcers, what pathogen causes them? Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease
- Name of pathogen = helicobacter pylori
- type of pathogen = bacteria
- spreads by vomit and fecal matter
- symptoms = dull pain, weight loss, vomiting and bloating
When may plants show signs of stress?
If conditions aren’t good for growth:
by there being too much or too little water, when the soil lacks nutrients or when the plants are attacked by pests or diseases
How does identifying the cause of stress for a plant begin?
By looking for changes in growth, changes of leaf colour or lesions on stems or leaves by comparing them against photos or other info
What is distribution analysis for?
To diagnose plant symptoms by looking at where the damaged plants occur
Distribution analysis shows plants over a wide area have been affected. Describe a characteristic of a disease that may have caused the symptoms
The disease is probably spread by win
How can you tell by distribution analysis if a plant disease has been caused by soil pathogens?
Only a small area of plants will have been affected
What’s the way of getting a definite identification of a crop disease?
To send samples to a lab for testing as they should allow the diagnosis of the problem to be made
What can testing samples of a plant to diagnose it include?
- Trying to grow the pathogen from damaged crop plants
- using technology to identify the presence of genetic material from a pathogen
When farmers send damaged plants for testing, what else do they send? And why?
They end a report about other observations they have made and may send soil samples to be tested for nutrients and toxins because it helps the lab be more certain of the cause of a problem
For skin,
Describe its location/what it is
What kind of barrier is it?
How does it protect against pathogens?
It’s all over the body
It’s a physical barrier
It makes it hard for pathogens to get through because it is very thick and covers most of the body.
When may pathogens be able to get through skin?
Through open wounds or if they are carried via animal vectors that pierce the skin
For hydrochloric acid,
Describe its location/what it is
What kind of barrier is it?
How does it protect against pathogens?
It’s in the stomach
Chemical barrier
Protects the body by killing most pathogens unless adapted to survive as it has a ph of 2
For lysozyme,
Describe its location/what it is
What kind of barrier is it?
How does it protect against pathogens?
It’s an enzyme created by the skin and can be found in tears, saliva and mucus
It’s a chemical barrier
Protects the body by reacting with substances in the pathogen to make it inactive or kill it by breaking down some cell walls in the bacteria
For ciliated cells,
Describe its location/what it is
What kind of barrier is it?
How does it protect against pathogens?
They are found in the nose, braking system
They are a physical barrier
The protect as they are tiny hair like structures that can help carry dust or pathogens out of the body via the throat
For mucus
Describe its location/what it is
What kind of barrier is it?
How does it protect against pathogens?
It’s produced by cells that line many openings like the mouth or nose
It’s a physical barrier
It contains lysozyme and traps dust and pathogens
How can you reduce the spread of stis?
Use a condom during sex as an artificial barrier and not share needles with someone else
How can screening benefit people?
By identifying an infection so that people that have chamidya can be treated for the disease
What is the reason for the number of diagnosed chlamydia cases to be rising?
Because more people are being screened than before
What precaution is taken before blood is given to patients?
It’s screened to make sure it doesn’t contain hiv particles the or other pathogens
What are antigens? What do they do?
They are molecules on the outer surface of cells and viruses
They are used by the immune system to identify if something inside the body is a cell or it has come from outside
What are lymphocytes
Theta s white blood cells which have antibodies in their surface
What are the steps to the immune system attacking a pathogen?
- Pathogens have antigens on their surface that are unique to them
- A lymphocyte with an antibody that perfectly fits the antigen is activated and stops the pathogen from working
- The lymphocyte divides continuously to produce clones of identical lymphocytes
- Some of the lymphocytes secrete large amounts of antibodies which stick to the antigens and destroy other pathogens
- Others remain in the blood as memory lymphocytes ready to respond immediately if the same antigen returns
What happens if the same pathogen tries to attack you more than once?
The memory lymphocytes cause a much faster secondary response that stops you becoming ill so you are immune to the pathogen
Why does being immune to one pathogen not make you immune to all?
Because different pathogens need different antibodies to attack them
How does a vaccine make you immune to a specific pathogen?
The vaccine contains weakened or inactive pathogens that include the antigens, and causes memory lymphocytes in the blood so if you get infected with the pathogen, the second response is triggered
What is herd immunity?
The idea that if most of the population is immune to a disease, the people that aren’t will not get affected because their chance of coming into contact with an infected person are very low
What are the disadvantages of immunisation?
People can have severe reactions to the vaccine
Describe how penicillin was discovered
Alexander Fleming discovered a mould had grown over bacteria on an agar plate and killed it. This mould was penicillin
What are antibiotics?
Substances that either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell processes
Why are antibiotics useful for humans?
They don’t attack human cells
Why is it important many antibiotics that work in different ways have been developed?
As different bacteria have different structures and do not all respond the same to a particular antibiotic
What is a major problem with using antibiotics?
Bacteria are developing a resistance so new antibiotics constantly have to be developed to control infection
What are the steps to develop a medicine so it’s safe
Pre-clinical stage
Animal testing
Small clinical trial
Large clinical trial
What happens in the pre clinical stage of testing?
Medicine is tested to see it if can get into cells and have the required effect
What is animal testing for?
To see if there are any harmful side effects and make sure it’s safe for living organisms
What is a small clinical trial for?
To make sure side effects are small and overall effect is positive on humans
What is a large clinical trial for?
To see how different groups of people react and to work out the dose
How do pregnancy test sticks work?
They detect a hormone that is produced only in pregnancy. The hormone is in small amounts so the sensitivity of the test is achieved by using antibodies specially made to match the hormone
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Identical antibodies that can’t be made in large amounts using normal lymphocytes and need to be made from hybridoma cells
What are hybridoma cells?
cells that have both characteristics from lymphocytes and cancer cells to produce monoclonal antibodies
What are the stages to making monoclonal antibodies
Stage 1: a particular antigen is injected into a mouse which produces lymphocytes that make antibodies against the antigen while cancer cells are growing in a culture medium
Stage 2: the lymphocyte fork a mouse and the cancer cell are fused together
Stage 3: a hybridoma cell is formed which can both divide and make antibodies against the antigen which are monoclonal antibodies
What are platelets?
Fragments if blood cells that help
To form blood clots. In the wrong places, like the brain or heart they can be lethal
What can monoclonal antibodies be made to do?
Match or stick to any kind or protein like a hormone or enzyme, match antigens on pathogens and stick to specific cells in the body like cancer cells or platelets
How are monoclonal antibodies used in medical diagnosis?
By making them slightly radioactive and when they attach to cancer cells, the radioactivity can be detected using a pet scanner etc
How are monoclonal antibodies involved in radiotherapy or chemotherapy?
By attaching cancer drugs to monoclonal antibodies so that they are just delivered to the cells that need treating reducing the risk of damaging healthy cells
What are the used of monoclonal antibodies?
Locating cancer, treating cancer and pregnancy tests
