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Biology gcse > ⭐️SB5 - health, Disease And The Developments Of Medicines > Flashcards

⭐️SB5 - health, Disease And The Developments Of Medicines Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health?

A

The state of complete physical, social and mental well-being

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2
Q

What does physical well being include?

A

Being free from disease, sleeping well, getting regularly activity and limiting the intake of harmful substances like drugs

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3
Q

What does social well being include?

A

How well you get on with others and how your surroundings affect you

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4
Q

What does mental well being include?

A

How you feel about yourself

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5
Q

Where are people more likely to have poorer health and why?

A

In regions where there are disasters like floods or wars as there will be more disease and fewer doctors and hospitals

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6
Q

What is a disease?

A

A problem with a structure or process in the body that is not the result of an injury and it may be due to microorganisms getting into the body and changing how it works

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7
Q

What are pathogens?

A

The microorganisms that cause a disease

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8
Q

What is a communicable disease? What does this mean?

A

A disease caused by pathogens and means it can be passes from an infected person to other people

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9
Q

What are non communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that can’t be passed from person to person

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10
Q

What causes a non communicable disease?

A

A problem in the body such as a fault in the genes or as a result of the way we live our lifestyle

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11
Q

Give causes for diseases to be correlated so that having one disease means a person is more likely to have another?

A
  • a disease that damages the immune system like HIV
  • a disease that damages the body’s natural barriers and defences
  • a disease that stops an organ system from working effectively making more diseases likely to occur
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12
Q

Name 3 types of non communicable disease and their causes

A
  • Genetic disorder caused by faulty alleles of genes
  • deficiency disease caused by malnutrition
  • cirrhosis (a liver disease) caused by large amount of alcohol intake in a short period of time
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13
Q

What disease is caused by the deficiency of protein, what are the symptoms and give good sources of protein?

A

Kwashiorkor, symptoms of enlarged belly, small muscles and failure to grow properly. Good sources are meat, fish, dairy, eggs and pulses

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14
Q

What disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin c , what are the symptoms and give good sources of vitamin c?

A

Scurvy, symptoms of swelling and bleeding gums, muscle and joint pain, tiredness, good sources are citrus fruits and vegetables like broccoli

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15
Q

What disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin D/calcium, what are the symptoms and give good sources of vitamin D?

A

Rickets or osteomalacia, causes soft bones and curved leg bones, oily fish provides vitamin d and dairy products provide calcium

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16
Q

What disease is caused by the deficiency of iron what are the symptoms and give good sources of iron?

A

Anaemia, causes red blood cells smaller than normal size and in reduced no leading to tiredness, good sources are red meat, dark leafy green vegetables and egg yolk

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17
Q

Why is alcohol a drug?

A

As it changes the way our body works

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18
Q

What organ breaks down ethanol?

A

The liver

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19
Q

What are the impacts of a cirrhotic liver?

A

The liver doesn’t function well and can result in death

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20
Q

How are alcohol related liver disease cases changing over time?

A

The amount of money spent treating them is rising and the no, of cases is rising

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21
Q

What causes obesity?

A

Malnutrition that’s caused by a diet that is high in sugar and fats

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22
Q

Why is some fat useful in our body?

A

As it cushions organs when we move, stores vitamins and provides a store of energy

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23
Q

What is the main disease obesity can lead to? What is it?

A

Cardiovascular disease and is where the circulatory system functions poorly

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24
Q

Give a symptom of a cardiovascular disease

A

High blood pressure which can lead to a heart attack

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25
Q

How is the BMI measured and what is it for?

A

BMI = mass m / height^2 kg

It estimates the amount of fat in the body

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26
Q

What assumptions are made when calculating the BMI?

A

That the the mass of other body tissues is in proportion to the height

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27
Q

How do you get waist:hip ratio and why do we use it?

A

By dividing the waist measurements by the hip measurement. It’s used as abdominal fat is closely linked to CV disease

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28
Q

What can the substances in Tobacco smoke do to the body?

A

Increase blood pressure
Make blood vessels narrower
Increase risk of blood clots forming
(All these risks can lead to CV disease

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29
Q

How are substances In tobacco smoke able to be transported around the body?

A

As they can be absorbed from the lungs and into the blood

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30
Q

How do substances in tobacco smoke cause blood clots forming? What does this lead to?

A
  1. Substances from tobacco smoke damage the artery lining
  2. Fat builds up in the artery walk at the site of damage making the artery more narrow
  3. Blood clot may form here or break off and block an artery in another part of the body causing heart attack or stroke
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31
Q

How may a doctor prevent someone with high blood pressure getting a CV disease?

A

Exercise more, give up smoking and take medicines if necessary

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32
Q

What surgical procedure can be used to treat a narrowed blood vessel?

A

It can be widened by inserting a stent at the narrowest part to hold it open

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33
Q

How are blocked arteries in the heart treated with surgery?

A

By being bypassed by inserting other blood vessels so that the heart tissue is supplied with oxygen and nutrients again.

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34
Q

What are the downsides to treating CV disease with operations?

A

They may have to take medicine for the rest of their lives to help prevent a heart attack or stroke

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35
Q

What are the types of pathogens

A

Bacteria, protists, fungi

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36
Q

For cholera:

Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease

A

Type of pathogen=Bacteria,
Spreads by consuming contaminated food/water and so the bacteria produces toxins in the intestines
Symptoms = severe diarrhoea, vomiting and dehydration

37
Q

For tuberculosis

Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease

A
  • Type of pathogen= bacteria
  • spreads though the air, airborne
  • symptoms = coughing 3 weeks, coughing blood, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats
38
Q

For chalara dieback,

Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease

A
  • Pathogen type=fungus
  • spreads through spores released from fungal bodies from fallen leaves
  • symptoms=black blotches on leaves and spots on stems and branches
39
Q

For malaria:

Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease

A

Type of pathogen= protists
Spread by mosquitos
Symptoms = 38 degree or above temp. Feeling hot/ shivery, headaches, vomiting, muscle pain

40
Q

For haemorrhagic fever caused by the Ebola virus,

How does it spread an what are the symptoms

A
  • carried by rodents in reservoirs and transmitted to humans when they come into contact with urine, fecal matter or saliva from them
  • causes fatigue, fever, weakness or dizziness
41
Q

Why aren’t viruses true organisms?

A

Thy don’t have a cellular structure

42
Q

How do viruses multiply?

A

They infect a new cell and take over the cell’s DNA copying processes to make new viruses

43
Q

For AIDS causes by HIV pathogen,

Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease

A

Type of pathogen = virus

  • spreads through blood or semen mainly through sex and needles
  • symptoms = short flu like illness, weakened immune system
44
Q

For stomach ulcers, what pathogen causes them? Name the type of pathogen it’s caused by, how it spreads and symptoms of the disease

A
  • Name of pathogen = helicobacter pylori
  • type of pathogen = bacteria
  • spreads by vomit and fecal matter
  • symptoms = dull pain, weight loss, vomiting and bloating
45
Q

When may plants show signs of stress?

A

If conditions aren’t good for growth:
by there being too much or too little water, when the soil lacks nutrients or when the plants are attacked by pests or diseases

46
Q

How does identifying the cause of stress for a plant begin?

A

By looking for changes in growth, changes of leaf colour or lesions on stems or leaves by comparing them against photos or other info

47
Q

What is distribution analysis for?

A

To diagnose plant symptoms by looking at where the damaged plants occur

48
Q

Distribution analysis shows plants over a wide area have been affected. Describe a characteristic of a disease that may have caused the symptoms

A

The disease is probably spread by win

49
Q

How can you tell by distribution analysis if a plant disease has been caused by soil pathogens?

A

Only a small area of plants will have been affected

50
Q

What’s the way of getting a definite identification of a crop disease?

A

To send samples to a lab for testing as they should allow the diagnosis of the problem to be made

51
Q

What can testing samples of a plant to diagnose it include?

A
  • Trying to grow the pathogen from damaged crop plants

- using technology to identify the presence of genetic material from a pathogen

52
Q

When farmers send damaged plants for testing, what else do they send? And why?

A

They end a report about other observations they have made and may send soil samples to be tested for nutrients and toxins because it helps the lab be more certain of the cause of a problem

53
Q

For skin,

Describe its location/what it is
What kind of barrier is it?
How does it protect against pathogens?

A

It’s all over the body
It’s a physical barrier
It makes it hard for pathogens to get through because it is very thick and covers most of the body.

54
Q

When may pathogens be able to get through skin?

A

Through open wounds or if they are carried via animal vectors that pierce the skin

55
Q

For hydrochloric acid,

Describe its location/what it is
What kind of barrier is it?
How does it protect against pathogens?

A

It’s in the stomach
Chemical barrier
Protects the body by killing most pathogens unless adapted to survive as it has a ph of 2

56
Q

For lysozyme,

Describe its location/what it is
What kind of barrier is it?
How does it protect against pathogens?

A

It’s an enzyme created by the skin and can be found in tears, saliva and mucus
It’s a chemical barrier
Protects the body by reacting with substances in the pathogen to make it inactive or kill it by breaking down some cell walls in the bacteria

57
Q

For ciliated cells,

Describe its location/what it is
What kind of barrier is it?
How does it protect against pathogens?

A

They are found in the nose, braking system
They are a physical barrier
The protect as they are tiny hair like structures that can help carry dust or pathogens out of the body via the throat

58
Q

For mucus

Describe its location/what it is
What kind of barrier is it?
How does it protect against pathogens?

A

It’s produced by cells that line many openings like the mouth or nose
It’s a physical barrier
It contains lysozyme and traps dust and pathogens

59
Q

How can you reduce the spread of stis?

A

Use a condom during sex as an artificial barrier and not share needles with someone else

60
Q

How can screening benefit people?

A

By identifying an infection so that people that have chamidya can be treated for the disease

61
Q

What is the reason for the number of diagnosed chlamydia cases to be rising?

A

Because more people are being screened than before

62
Q

What precaution is taken before blood is given to patients?

A

It’s screened to make sure it doesn’t contain hiv particles the or other pathogens

63
Q

What are antigens? What do they do?

A

They are molecules on the outer surface of cells and viruses
They are used by the immune system to identify if something inside the body is a cell or it has come from outside

64
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

Theta s white blood cells which have antibodies in their surface

65
Q

What are the steps to the immune system attacking a pathogen?

A
  1. Pathogens have antigens on their surface that are unique to them
  2. A lymphocyte with an antibody that perfectly fits the antigen is activated and stops the pathogen from working
  3. The lymphocyte divides continuously to produce clones of identical lymphocytes
  4. Some of the lymphocytes secrete large amounts of antibodies which stick to the antigens and destroy other pathogens
  5. Others remain in the blood as memory lymphocytes ready to respond immediately if the same antigen returns
66
Q

What happens if the same pathogen tries to attack you more than once?

A

The memory lymphocytes cause a much faster secondary response that stops you becoming ill so you are immune to the pathogen

67
Q

Why does being immune to one pathogen not make you immune to all?

A

Because different pathogens need different antibodies to attack them

68
Q

How does a vaccine make you immune to a specific pathogen?

A

The vaccine contains weakened or inactive pathogens that include the antigens, and causes memory lymphocytes in the blood so if you get infected with the pathogen, the second response is triggered

69
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The idea that if most of the population is immune to a disease, the people that aren’t will not get affected because their chance of coming into contact with an infected person are very low

70
Q

What are the disadvantages of immunisation?

A

People can have severe reactions to the vaccine

71
Q

Describe how penicillin was discovered

A

Alexander Fleming discovered a mould had grown over bacteria on an agar plate and killed it. This mould was penicillin

72
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Substances that either kill bacteria or inhibit their cell processes

73
Q

Why are antibiotics useful for humans?

A

They don’t attack human cells

74
Q

Why is it important many antibiotics that work in different ways have been developed?

A

As different bacteria have different structures and do not all respond the same to a particular antibiotic

75
Q

What is a major problem with using antibiotics?

A

Bacteria are developing a resistance so new antibiotics constantly have to be developed to control infection

76
Q

What are the steps to develop a medicine so it’s safe

A

Pre-clinical stage
Animal testing
Small clinical trial
Large clinical trial

77
Q

What happens in the pre clinical stage of testing?

A

Medicine is tested to see it if can get into cells and have the required effect

78
Q

What is animal testing for?

A

To see if there are any harmful side effects and make sure it’s safe for living organisms

79
Q

What is a small clinical trial for?

A

To make sure side effects are small and overall effect is positive on humans

80
Q

What is a large clinical trial for?

A

To see how different groups of people react and to work out the dose

81
Q

How do pregnancy test sticks work?

A

They detect a hormone that is produced only in pregnancy. The hormone is in small amounts so the sensitivity of the test is achieved by using antibodies specially made to match the hormone

82
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Identical antibodies that can’t be made in large amounts using normal lymphocytes and need to be made from hybridoma cells

83
Q

What are hybridoma cells?

A

cells that have both characteristics from lymphocytes and cancer cells to produce monoclonal antibodies

84
Q

What are the stages to making monoclonal antibodies

A

Stage 1: a particular antigen is injected into a mouse which produces lymphocytes that make antibodies against the antigen while cancer cells are growing in a culture medium
Stage 2: the lymphocyte fork a mouse and the cancer cell are fused together
Stage 3: a hybridoma cell is formed which can both divide and make antibodies against the antigen which are monoclonal antibodies

85
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments if blood cells that help

To form blood clots. In the wrong places, like the brain or heart they can be lethal

86
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be made to do?

A

Match or stick to any kind or protein like a hormone or enzyme, match antigens on pathogens and stick to specific cells in the body like cancer cells or platelets

87
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in medical diagnosis?

A

By making them slightly radioactive and when they attach to cancer cells, the radioactivity can be detected using a pet scanner etc

88
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies involved in radiotherapy or chemotherapy?

A

By attaching cancer drugs to monoclonal antibodies so that they are just delivered to the cells that need treating reducing the risk of damaging healthy cells

89
Q

What are the used of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Locating cancer, treating cancer and pregnancy tests

Biology gcse (32 decks)

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