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Veterinary Physiology > Salivary & Gastric Secretions > Flashcards

Salivary & Gastric Secretions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

initial digestion
dilution and buffering
lubrication with mucus
oral hygiene
evaporative cooling in doggies

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2
Q

Dogs on dry foot produce mostly ______ saliva

A

serous (watery)

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3
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands
zygomatic gland in dog and cat

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4
Q

Parotid glands are comprised of

A

serous cells
aqueous fluid (water, ions, enzymes)

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5
Q

Sublingual and submandibular are ______

A

mixed glands with serous
and mucus cells (mucin glycoproteins)

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6
Q

The salivary gland is described as a “bunch of grapes”. Each “grape” is a _______. Define it.

A

acinus
lined with acinar cells
produce initial saliva -composed of water, ions, enzymes, mucus

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7
Q

Initial saliva passes through a ________, then to ______

A

intercalated duct
then striated duct

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8
Q

Striated ducts are lined with

A

ductal cells that alter concentration of ions in saliva

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9
Q

What causes myoepithelial cells to contract and eject saliva?

A

neural stimulation

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10
Q

What has both PNS and SNS innervation in salivary glands? What dominates?

A

acinar
ductal cells
PSNS

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11
Q

Do salivary glands have high or low blood flow? It [increases/decreases] when saliva is ejected.

A

high
increases

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12
Q

What is saliva composed of?

A

water
electrolytes
amylase (some)
lingual lipase
kallikrein
mucus

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13
Q

What is kallikrein?

A

enzyme in glands, plasma, brain, tissues
- regulates local vasodilation associated with secretion
- part of saliva

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14
Q

Saliva is [hypertonic/hypotonic] compared to plasma.

A

hypotonic

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15
Q

What are the steps in saliva formation?

A
  1. formation of isotonic solution by ACINAR cells
  2. modification of solution by DUCTAL cells to become hypotonic
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16
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A
  1. NaCl (leaves)
  2. K+ and HCO3- (enters)
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17
Q

What are the luminal membrane transporters for saliva?

A

Na/H+ exchange
Cl-/HCO3- exchange
H+/K+ exchange

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18
Q

What are the basolateral membrane transporters for saliva?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase
Cl- channels

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19
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A
  1. NaCl
  2. K+, HCO3
  3. Na+/H+ exchange
  4. Cl-/HCO3- exchange
  5. H+/K+ exchange
  6. Na+/K+ ATPase
  7. Cl- channels
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20
Q

Absorption of _____ and _____ into blood means there is [high/low] concentrations in saliva.

A

Na+, K+
low

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21
Q

______ and ______ is secreted into saliva.

A

K+ and HCO3-

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22
Q

How is saliva hypotonic?

A

ductal cells are impermeable to water, so they don’t follow NaCl- from saliva to blood
- water stays in saliva

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23
Q

What organic components do acinar cells secrete?

A

alpha-amylase (human and pig)
lingual lipase
mucin glycoproteins
IgA
Kallikrein

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24
Q

At high flow rates (4 mL/min), final saliva _________.

A

resembles plasma (less time to modify saliva)

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25
At low flow rates (<1 mL/min), final saliva ________.
is hypotonic
26
HCO3- concentration is [lowest/highest] at low flow rates and [lowest/highest] at high flow rates.
lowest, highest
27
Ruminants have [high/low] flow rates and thus dump a lot of ______.
high HCO3-
28
T/F: Salivary secretion has both neural and hormonal control.
FALSE - ONLY NEURAL
29
Salivary secretion is stimulated by ______ stimulation.
parasympathetic AND sympathetic
30
PNS innervation of salivary secretion is carried on _____ nerves and its postganglionic neurons release _____
facial & glossopharyngeal nerves acetylcholine (Ach)
31
SNS innervation of salivary secretion innervates _____ and synapse on ________ ganglion. Its postganglionic neurons release _____
T1-T3 superior cervical ganglion norepinephrine (NE) — BETA ADRENERGIC
32
PNS postganglionic neurons release Ach which act on _______ receptors on _______ and _______ cells. It uses IP3 and Ca2+
muscarinic acinar and ductal
33
SNS postganglionic neurons release NE which act on _______ receptors on _______ and _______ cells. It uses cAMP
beta-adrenergic acinar and ductal cells
34
List the components of gastric juice.
HCl Pepsinogen Intrinsic factor Mucus
35
What initiates PROTEIN digestion in the stomach?
HCl pepsinogen
36
What do HCl and pepsinogen do?
initiates protein digestion - part of gastric juice
37
Define intrinsic factor
essential for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum - part of gastric juice
38
Define mucus
protects gastric mucosa from all the acid being produced - part of gastric juice
39
The body of the stomach contains ______ glands
oxyntic glands
40
Pits, or openings, are lined with ______ at the body of the stomach.
epithelial cells
41
Mucous neck cells secrete ______
mucus
42
Parietal cells secrete ________
HCl intrinsic factor
43
Chief cells secrete _________
pepsinogen
44
The antrum of the stomach has ______ glands.
pyloric
45
Pyloric glands have which types of cells?
G cells (gastrin) mucous neck cells (mucus, HCO3, pepsinogen)
46
T/F: A low pH activates pepsinogen
TRUE
47
What is the first step in HCl secretion?
CO2 combines with H2O to form H2CO3 —> dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
48
In HCl secretion, H+ goes into [lumen/blood], and HCO3- goes into [lumen/blood]
HCl: lumen HCO3-: blood
49
What is responsible for the "alkaline tide" in gastric venous blood after a meal?
absorbed HCO3-
50
HCO3- in the gastric vein is eventually secreted back into the GIT via ________
pancreatic secretions
51
In HCl secretion, Cl- follows H+ into [lumen/blood] by diffusing through Cl- channels
lumen
52
What 3 substances stimulate H+ secretion?
histamine (paracrine) Ach (neurocrine) gastrin (hormone)
53
Histamine is released from _____ cells in GASTRIC MUCOSA
ECL cells
54
In HCl secretion, histamine binds to _____ receptors on [parietal/chief] cells
H2 parietal
55
Ach is released from ______ innervating gastric mucosa
vagus nerve
56
In HCl secretion, Ach binds _______ receptors in [parietal/chief] cells
muscarinic parietal
57
What is the second messenger for histamine?
cAMP
58
What is the second messenger for Ach in HCl secretion?
cAMP
59
Gastrin is secreted by ______ cells in stomach ANTRUM
G
60
Gastrin binds ________ on [parietal/chief] cells
CCKB (which binds gastrin and CCK) parietal
61
What is/are the second messengers for gastrin in HCl secretion?
IP3/Ca2+
62
_______ and ______ stimulates ECL cells to release histamine
Ach gastrin
63
What blocks H2 receptors and action of histidine?
cimetidine
64
What blocks Ach from binding to muscarinic receptors?
atropine
65
What gives the strongest response to stimulate H+?
potentiation
66
Define potentiation
sum of multiple stimuli cause greater response than sum of individual - strong interaction of histamine with Ach OR gastrin
67
How does omeprazole inhibit H+ secretion?
irreversibly blocks acid secretion while bound NO MATTER THE STIMULUS

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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