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Veterinary Physiology > Salivary & Gastric Secretions > Flashcards

Salivary & Gastric Secretions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

initial digestion
dilution and buffering
lubrication with mucus
oral hygiene
evaporative cooling in doggies

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2
Q

Dogs on dry foot produce mostly ______ saliva

A

serous (watery)

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3
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands
zygomatic gland in dog and cat

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4
Q

Parotid glands are comprised of

A

serous cells
aqueous fluid (water, ions, enzymes)

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5
Q

Sublingual and submandibular are ______

A

mixed glands with serous
and mucus cells (mucin glycoproteins)

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6
Q

The salivary gland is described as a “bunch of grapes”. Each “grape” is a _______. Define it.

A

acinus
lined with acinar cells
produce initial saliva -composed of water, ions, enzymes, mucus

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7
Q

Initial saliva passes through a ________, then to ______

A

intercalated duct
then striated duct

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8
Q

Striated ducts are lined with

A

ductal cells that alter concentration of ions in saliva

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9
Q

What causes myoepithelial cells to contract and eject saliva?

A

neural stimulation

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10
Q

What has both PNS and SNS innervation in salivary glands? What dominates?

A

acinar
ductal cells
PSNS

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11
Q

Do salivary glands have high or low blood flow? It [increases/decreases] when saliva is ejected.

A

high
increases

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12
Q

What is saliva composed of?

A

water
electrolytes
amylase (some)
lingual lipase
kallikrein
mucus

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13
Q

What is kallikrein?

A

enzyme in glands, plasma, brain, tissues
- regulates local vasodilation associated with secretion
- part of saliva

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14
Q

Saliva is [hypertonic/hypotonic] compared to plasma.

A

hypotonic

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15
Q

What are the steps in saliva formation?

A
  1. formation of isotonic solution by ACINAR cells
  2. modification of solution by DUCTAL cells to become hypotonic
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16
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A
  1. NaCl (leaves)
  2. K+ and HCO3- (enters)
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17
Q

What are the luminal membrane transporters for saliva?

A

Na/H+ exchange
Cl-/HCO3- exchange
H+/K+ exchange

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18
Q

What are the basolateral membrane transporters for saliva?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase
Cl- channels

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19
Q

Fill in the blanks.

A
  1. NaCl
  2. K+, HCO3
  3. Na+/H+ exchange
  4. Cl-/HCO3- exchange
  5. H+/K+ exchange
  6. Na+/K+ ATPase
  7. Cl- channels
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20
Q

Absorption of _____ and _____ into blood means there is [high/low] concentrations in saliva.

A

Na+, K+
low

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21
Q

______ and ______ is secreted into saliva.

A

K+ and HCO3-

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22
Q

How is saliva hypotonic?

A

ductal cells are impermeable to water, so they don’t follow NaCl- from saliva to blood
- water stays in saliva

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23
Q

What organic components do acinar cells secrete?

A

alpha-amylase (human and pig)
lingual lipase
mucin glycoproteins
IgA
Kallikrein

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24
Q

At high flow rates (4 mL/min), final saliva _________.

A

resembles plasma (less time to modify saliva)

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25
Q

At low flow rates (<1 mL/min), final saliva ________.

A

is hypotonic

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26
Q

HCO3- concentration is [lowest/highest] at low flow rates and [lowest/highest] at high flow rates.

A

lowest, highest

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27
Q

Ruminants have [high/low] flow rates and thus dump a lot of ______.

A

high
HCO3-

28
Q

T/F: Salivary secretion has both neural and hormonal control.

A

FALSE - ONLY NEURAL

29
Q

Salivary secretion is stimulated by ______ stimulation.

A

parasympathetic AND sympathetic

30
Q

PNS innervation of salivary secretion is carried on _____ nerves and its postganglionic neurons release _____

A

facial & glossopharyngeal nerves
acetylcholine (Ach)

31
Q

SNS innervation of salivary secretion innervates _____ and synapse on ________ ganglion. Its postganglionic neurons release _____

A

T1-T3
superior cervical ganglion
norepinephrine (NE) — BETA ADRENERGIC

32
Q

PNS postganglionic neurons release Ach which act on _______ receptors on _______ and _______ cells. It uses IP3 and Ca2+

A

muscarinic
acinar and ductal

33
Q

SNS postganglionic neurons release NE which act on _______ receptors on _______ and _______ cells. It uses cAMP

A

beta-adrenergic
acinar and ductal cells

34
Q

List the components of gastric juice.

A

HCl
Pepsinogen
Intrinsic factor
Mucus

35
Q

What initiates PROTEIN digestion in the stomach?

A

HCl
pepsinogen

36
Q

What do HCl and pepsinogen do?

A

initiates protein digestion
- part of gastric juice

37
Q

Define intrinsic factor

A

essential for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum
- part of gastric juice

38
Q

Define mucus

A

protects gastric mucosa from all the acid being produced
- part of gastric juice

39
Q

The body of the stomach contains ______ glands

A

oxyntic glands

40
Q

Pits, or openings, are lined with ______ at the body of the stomach.

A

epithelial cells

41
Q

Mucous neck cells secrete ______

A

mucus

42
Q

Parietal cells secrete ________

A

HCl
intrinsic factor

43
Q

Chief cells secrete _________

A

pepsinogen

44
Q

The antrum of the stomach has ______ glands.

A

pyloric

45
Q

Pyloric glands have which types of cells?

A

G cells (gastrin)
mucous neck cells (mucus, HCO3, pepsinogen)

46
Q

T/F: A low pH activates pepsinogen

A

TRUE

47
Q

What is the first step in HCl secretion?

A

CO2 combines with H2O to form H2CO3 —> dissociates into H+ and HCO3-

48
Q

In HCl secretion, H+ goes into [lumen/blood], and HCO3- goes into [lumen/blood]

A

HCl: lumen
HCO3-: blood

49
Q

What is responsible for the “alkaline tide” in gastric venous blood after a meal?

A

absorbed HCO3-

50
Q

HCO3- in the gastric vein is eventually secreted back into the GIT via ________

A

pancreatic secretions

51
Q

In HCl secretion, Cl- follows H+ into [lumen/blood] by diffusing through Cl- channels

A

lumen

52
Q

What 3 substances stimulate H+ secretion?

A

histamine (paracrine)
Ach (neurocrine)
gastrin (hormone)

53
Q

Histamine is released from _____ cells in GASTRIC MUCOSA

A

ECL cells

54
Q

In HCl secretion, histamine binds to _____ receptors on [parietal/chief] cells

A

H2
parietal

55
Q

Ach is released from ______ innervating gastric mucosa

A

vagus nerve

56
Q

In HCl secretion, Ach binds _______ receptors in [parietal/chief] cells

A

muscarinic
parietal

57
Q

What is the second messenger for histamine?

A

cAMP

58
Q

What is the second messenger for Ach in HCl secretion?

A

cAMP

59
Q

Gastrin is secreted by ______ cells in stomach ANTRUM

A

G

60
Q

Gastrin binds ________ on [parietal/chief] cells

A

CCKB (which binds gastrin and CCK)
parietal

61
Q

What is/are the second messengers for gastrin in HCl secretion?

A

IP3/Ca2+

62
Q

_______ and ______ stimulates ECL cells to release histamine

A

Ach
gastrin

63
Q

What blocks H2 receptors and action of histidine?

A

cimetidine

64
Q

What blocks Ach from binding to muscarinic receptors?

A

atropine

65
Q

What gives the strongest response to stimulate H+?

A

potentiation

66
Q

Define potentiation

A

sum of multiple stimuli cause greater response than sum of individual
- strong interaction of histamine with Ach OR gastrin

67
Q

How does omeprazole inhibit H+ secretion?

A

irreversibly blocks acid secretion while bound NO MATTER THE STIMULUS

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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