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Veterinary Physiology > Regulation of Calcium & Phosphate Metabolism > Flashcards

Regulation of Calcium & Phosphate Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in the regulatory system to maintain extracellular fluid levels of Ca2+ and P?

A

vitamin D
parathyroid hormone
calcitonin

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2
Q

What processes are involved for Ca2+?

A

neurotransmission
learning and memory
muscle contraction etc

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3
Q

Calcium is found in higher concentration in [extracellular/intracellular] fluid

A

extracellular

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4
Q

Why is calcium higher in extracellular fluid?

A

because membrane is fairly impermeable to calcium

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5
Q

What pumps do calcium use to be transported?

A

Ca2+/ATPase
Ca2+/Na+

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6
Q

Which form of calcium is biologically available?

A

ionized Ca2+

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7
Q

Give an example of calcium in bound form (40%)

A

albumin with calcium

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8
Q

Give an example of calcium as a complex (10%)

A

phosphate, HCO3-

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9
Q

Intracellular Ca2+ is in [higher/lower] concentrations

A

lower

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10
Q

More Ca2+ intracellularly is bound in ______

A

proteins

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11
Q

What things can you also to change cytosolic Ca2+ in the cell?

A

change membrane permeability
mobilizing intracellular store (ER, SR)

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12
Q

If Ca2+ intake goes down, the body adjusts by increasing the amount of Ca2+ [absorbed/secreted]

A

increasing
absorbed

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13
Q

What is hypocalcemia and its effects?

A

decrease in plasma Ca2+
causes twitching/cramping of skeletal muscle

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14
Q

[Hypercalcemia/hypocalcemia] causes paresthesia (numbness/tingling) and seizures

A

hypocalcemia

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15
Q

What is hypercalcemia and its effects?

A

increase in plasma Ca2+
constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, coma, death
parathyroid disorders, vitamin D toxicity, renal failure

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16
Q

How do you alter forms of Ca2+ in plasma?

A

changes in plasma protein concentration
changes in complexing anion concentration
acid-base disturbances

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17
Q

What are the effects of acid-base disturbances on ionized Ca2+ concentration?

A

acidemia
alkelemia

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18
Q

In acid-base disturbances, there is a change in the fraction of Ca2+ bound to _______

A

plasma albumin

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19
Q

Define acidemia

A

more H ions in blood
more H ions bind to albumin
free ionized Ca2+ increases

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20
Q

Define alkelemia

A

less H ions in blood
more Ca2+ binds to albumin
ionized Ca2+ blood decreases

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21
Q

[Acidemia/Alkelemia] is a sign of hypocalcemia

A

Alkelemia

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22
Q

Calcium homeostasis involves what processes?

A

interaction of bone, kidney, and intestine
+ parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vitamin D

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23
Q

What is bone resorption?

A

breaking down bone

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24
Q

What stimulates bone resorption (release of Ca2+ into blood from bone)

A

PTH
vitamin D

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25
Q

What inhibits bone resorption? aka stimulates bone deposition

A

calcitonin

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26
Q

What part of the body absorbs Ca2+?

A

intestine

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27
Q

Absorption of Ca2+ [increases/decreases] with age

A

decreases

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28
Q

Excess Ca2+ is ____ by the kidneys

A

excreted

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29
Q

What hormone helps reabsorb Ca2+? How much?

A

PTH in kidneys
98%

30
Q

What is special about phosphate and diet?

A

percentage absorbed from the diet is fairly constant

31
Q

What does phosphate do?

A

balances many cations
regulation of phosphate balance = urinary excretion
storage of phosphate in muscle

32
Q

There are _____ parathyroid glands

A

4

33
Q

Parathyroid glands contain ______ and _______

A

chief cells
oxyphil cells

34
Q

What do chief cells in parathyroid glands do?

A

source of PTH

35
Q

What are oxyphil cells?

A

appear at puberty
increase in age (not sure of function)

36
Q

PTH stimulates an increase in [Ca2+/phosphate] and decreases [Ca2+/phosphate]

A

Ca2+
phosphate

37
Q

What is activated when plasma Ca2+ falls?

A

Ca2+ receptor

38
Q

The Ca2+ receptor is [stimulated/inhibited] with high plasma concentration

A

inhibited

39
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism? (primary form)

A

caused by benign tumor or hyperplasia of one or both parathyroid glands
high circulating PTH
hypercalcemia

40
Q

In hyperparathyroidism in primary form, circulating PTH is [high/low]. There is [hypercalcemia/hypocalcemia] and [hyperphosphatemia/hypophosphatemia]

A

high PTH
hypercalcemia
hypophosphatemia

41
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism? (secondary form)

A

caused by increased phosphate in blood, which precipitates Ca2+ results in hypocalcemia
causes secondary increase in PTH
may result from renal failure of increased dietary phosphate

42
Q

What causes hypoparathyroidism?

A

accidental surgical removal
autoimmune destruction
idiopathic

43
Q

What does hyperparathyroidism result in?

A

decreased PTH
hypocalcemia
hyperphosphatemia

44
Q

In hypoparathyroidism, circulating PTH is [high/low]. There is [hypercalcemia/hypocalcemia] and [hyperphosphatemia/hypophosphatemia]

A

low
hypocalcemia
hyperphosphatemia

45
Q

How is calcitonin synthesized?

A

as a preprohormone by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

46
Q

What are the effects of calcitonin?

A

decreased blood Ca2+ and phosphate by:
inhibiting bone resorption
increasing urinary phosphate excretion
inhibiting renal reabsorption of Ca2+

47
Q

What are stimulators of calcitonin?

A

increased blood Ca2+
vitamin D (via feedback)
ingested food (no need to release from bone or reabsorb in kidney)

48
Q

What is vitamin D required for?

A

bone FORMATION
increases Ca2+ absorption from GIT

49
Q

Vitamin D [increases/decreases] Ca2+ absorption from GIT

A

increases

50
Q

If vitamin D is synthesized in the skin, the precursor is ________

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

51
Q

After synthesis or absorption in the gut, it goes to the ______ and converted to ________

A

liver
25-hydroxyvitamin D

52
Q

After the liver, 25-hydroxyvitamin D goes to the ______ and then converted to _______

A

kidney
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

53
Q

Intermediates and active vitamin D circulate bound to _________

A

protein carriers

54
Q

Where can vitamin D be stored?

A

adipose and liver (fat-soluble)

55
Q

How is vitamin D excreted?

A

in bile

56
Q

Most vitamin D actions occur in ______

A

intestines

57
Q

What happens in the intestine in vitamin D?

A

stimulates Ca2+ absorption via calbindin
stimulates absorption of phosphate and Mg2+

58
Q

Calcium absorption can be _____ or ______

A

active
passive

59
Q

When Ca2+ intake is [high/low], the process is active and [transcellular/paracellular]

A

low
transcellular

60
Q

When Ca2+ intake is [high/low], the process is passive and [transcellular/paracellular]

A
61
Q

Where does the transcellular process of Ca2+ occur?

A

duodenum

62
Q

Where does the paracellular process of Ca2+ occur?

A

jejunum
ileum

63
Q

Active, transcellular process requires _______

A

vitamin D

64
Q

Vitamin D acts through cytosolic receptor and [increases/decreases] production of calbindin

A

increases calbindin

65
Q

What does calbindin do when calcium absorption is active?

A

binds Ca2+ inside cells and facilitates transport to basolateral membrane

66
Q

Vitamin D stimulates bone resorption in presence of ______

A

PTH

67
Q

Vitamin D [increases/decreases] Ca2+ transport and uptake by SR in skeletal muscle cells

A

increases

68
Q

Vitamin D [increases/decreases] PTH synthesis via a _______

A

decreases
negative feedback loop

69
Q

Increased blood phosphate [increases/decreases] PTH secretion via a P receptor

A

increases

70
Q

______ also stimulates vitamin D synthesis

A

PTH

71
Q

What stimulates PTH release?

A

decreased blood Ca2+
increased blood phosphate
decreased Mg

72
Q

Inhibition of PTH release is from [increased/decreased] blood Ca2+

A

increased

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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