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Veterinary Physiology > Renal Review > Flashcards

Renal Review Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate superficial cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Superficial cortical: glomeruli in outer cortex; relatively short Loops of Henle descending into only the outer medulla
Juxtamedullary: glomeruli larger, which + higher glomerular filtration rates; long loops of henle

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2
Q

The glomerulus is a glomerular capillary network emerging from an _______ and exiting via a _______

A

afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole

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3
Q

Long loops of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons are essential in _________

A

concentrating urine

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4
Q

________ branch from efferent arterioles

A

Peritubular capillaries

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5
Q

Peritubular capillaries, in juxtamedullary nephrons, also have ______, which are long, hairpin-shaped blood vessels surrounding the loop of Henle. They help participate in ______

A

vasa recta
osmotic exchange, concentrating urine

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6
Q

Water accounts for ______ of BW

A

60% (50-70%)

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7
Q

The major cations of the ICF are ______. Anions?

A

K+
Mg+
organic phosphates, proteins

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8
Q

What is an ultrafilatrate of plasma?

A

interstitial fluid

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9
Q

What is the average osmolarity?

A

290-300 mOsm/L

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10
Q

In a ____ state, intracellular osmolarity + extracellular osmolarity and water shifts freely across membranes

A

steady

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11
Q

Volume contraction is a(n) [increase/decrease] in [ECF/ICF] volume, and volume expansion is a(n) [increase/decrease] in [ECF/ICF] volume

A

decrease, ECF
increase, ECF

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12
Q

Give examples of volume contraction

A

diarrhea
water deprivation
adrenal insufficiency

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13
Q

Give examples of volume expansion

A

infusion of isotonic NaCl
high NaCl intake
syndrome of inappropriate ADH

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14
Q

What does a low renal clearance mean?

A

very little or none of the substance is removed

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15
Q

Why is renal clearance important?

A

uses the rate at which a compound is “cleared” from the body (expected in urine) to determine aspects of renal function

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16
Q

What is the equation for renal clearance?

A
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17
Q

_____ is used to estimate renal plasma flow

A

PAH (volume of blood delivered to kidneys per unit time)

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18
Q

______ is used to estimate GFR

A

insulin or creatinine

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19
Q

________ should have zero filtration

A

Albumin

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20
Q

A CR < 1.0 means what

A

either substance is not filtered or it is filtered and reabsorbed

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21
Q

The major mechanism for changing renal blood flow is by changing __________

A

arteriolar resistance

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22
Q

T/F: Renal blood flow (RBF) is inversely proportional to resistance of renal vasculature (mainly by arterioles)

A

TRUE

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23
Q

There are more alpha-1 receptors on [afferent/efferent] arterioles. This [increases/decreases] GFR & RBF

A

afferent
decreases

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24
Q

What affects efferent arterioles more because they are more sensitive to low levels of this? Does this increase or decrease GFR?

A

angiotensin II
increase

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25
Q

If there is high angiotensin II, what happens to GFR?

A

decreases
because high levels of angiotensin II has a greater effect on AFferent arterioles (low levels affect efferent)

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26
Q

ANP causes [constriction/dilation] on [afferent/efferent] arterioles. What happens to renal vascular resistance, RBF, and GFR?

A

dilation
efferent
decrease
increase
increase

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27
Q

What effect do prostaglandins have on afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

vasodilation on both to protect renal blood flow
- responding to SNS activity

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28
Q

What modulates vasoconstriction of SNS?

A

prostaglandins and dopamine

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29
Q

How does dopamine affect afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

dilates renal arterioles - particularly useful in hemorrhage

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30
Q

In the myogenic hypothesis, [increased/decreased] arterial pressure stretches blood vessels and ultimately [increases/decreases] resistance to blood flow

A

increased
increases

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31
Q

What does tubuloglomerular feedback hypothesis ultimately do?

A

constrict afferent arteriole
(macula densa in early distal tubule senses increased load)

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32
Q

How do you calculate renal blood flow?

A

RBF = RPF/(1 - Hct)

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33
Q

The amount of substance entering an organ equals the amount of substance leaving the organ is the _____ principle

A

Fick

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34
Q

Is true RPF or effective RPF more feasible?

A

effective
effective RPF = clearance of PAH

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35
Q

What is the first step in forming urine?

A

glomerular filtration

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36
Q

T/F: Ultrafiltrate in glomerulus contains water, small solutes, proteins, and blood cells

A

FALSE
NO proteins or blood cells

37
Q

The renal corpuscle is responsible for ________

A

filtering blood

38
Q

What are the 2 cell types in the glomerulus?

A

endothelial (large pores)
mesangial cells (modified smooth muscle cells located between capillaries; extraglomerular & intraglomerular)

39
Q

What are the layers of the glomerular capillary?

A

endothelium - no filtering of blood cells
basement membrane - no filtration of plasma proteins
epithelium: podocytes; no proteins here

40
Q

There is a [positive/negative] charge on the glomerular capillary barrier which helps large solutes be repelled

A

negative

41
Q

What is the dominant pressure across glomerular capillaries?

A

hydrostatic forces in capillary blood

42
Q

Which oncotic pressure should be 0?

A

one in Bowman’s space; no protein should be here

43
Q

What is Kf in the Starling equation?

A

water permeability of glomerular capillary wall

44
Q

Net ultrafiltration pressure always favors filtration [in/out] of capillaries

A

OUT

45
Q

T/F: The change in GFR depends on which arteriole is affected

A

TRUE

46
Q

The clearance of inulin is = to

A

GFR

47
Q

What is filtration fraction

A

expresses relationship between GFR and RPF
FF = GFR / RPF

48
Q

What are some issues with using creatinine as a GFR marker?

A

only when 75% nonfuncitonal
patients with low muscle mass

49
Q

Can you look at BUN to alone evaluate renal function?

A

NO - look at creatinine:BUN ratio

50
Q

What are some issues with using BUN as a GFR marker?

A

not produced at a constant rate
depends on dietary protein intake
measuring during fasting or post-prandial

51
Q

An increased BUN:creatinine ratio means ______ has increased

A

BUN

52
Q

No change in ratio means that BUN:creatinine ratio ______

A

both increased/decreased

53
Q

What is good about SDMA?

A

increases earlier than creatinine as kidney function decreases
not affected by muscle mass

54
Q

What portion of kidney action requires energy?

A

reabsorption
secretion

55
Q

If filtered load is less than excretion rate, net ______ of a substance occurs

A

secretion

56
Q

Where does glucose reabsorption occur?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

57
Q

What is the type of transport used in glucose transport to the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

2Na+/glucose co-transport

58
Q

Most Na+ reabsorption occurs where?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

59
Q

What part of the nephron is impermeable to water?

A

thick ascending limb

60
Q

What fine-tunes Na+ reabsorption? Where?

A

aldosterone
late distal tubule
collecting ducts

61
Q

T/F: 85% of HCO3- by the mid-PCT is reabsorbed

A

TRUE

62
Q

What is Fanconi Syndrome?

A

failure to reabsorb glucose, bicarbonate, phosphates, certain aa

63
Q

What is absorbed in the late PCT?

A

NaCl - paracellular and cellular routes

64
Q

What are the cellular and paracellular routes of NaCl in the late proximal tubule?

A

cellular: Na+/H+ exchanger; Cl-/formate exchanger
paracellular: tight junctions loose and permeable to small solutes; Cl- diffuses, followed by Na+

65
Q

In the PCT, [water/Na+] follows passively

A

water
Na+ is reabsorbed first and water follows

66
Q

If filtration fraction increases, then oncotic pressure in peritubular capillaries [increases/decreases] & reabsorption [increases/decreases]

A

increases
increases

67
Q

Principal cells are for [Na+/K+/H+] [reabsorption/secretion/excretion], and alpha-intercalated cells are for [Na+/K+/H+] [reabsorption/secretion/excretion]. Where?

A

principal: Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion
alpha-intercalated: K+ reabsorption, H+ secretion
Late DT & CD

68
Q

Hyperkalemia is concerned with high [ECF/ICF] concentration. It leads to [depolarization/hyperpolarization].

A

ECF
depolarization (hyperexcitable cells)

69
Q

Hypokalemia is concerned with high [ECF/ICF] concentration. It leads to [depolarization/hyperpolarization].

A

ICF (decrease in ECF conc.)
hyperpolarization

70
Q

______ increases Na+/k+ ATPase activity

A

insulin

71
Q

[Acidemia/alkalemia] is associated with hyperkalemia.

A

acidemia

72
Q

[Acidemia/alkalemia] is associated with hypokalemia.

A

alkalemia

73
Q

Which ion’s concentration varies by diet that determines urinary excretion?

A

K+

74
Q

The magnitude of _____ secretion is determined by the size of the electrochemical gradient for ____ across the liminal membrane

A

K+
K+

75
Q

About ______ of plasma phosphate filtered

A

90%

76
Q

What transporter in the proximal tubule is for phosphate?

A

Na+/phosphate co-transporter

77
Q

Which hormone stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in the DCT of kidneys?

A

PTH

78
Q

What is the only nephron segment where Ca2+ reabsorption NOT coupled to Na+ reabsorption?

A

early DT

79
Q

Where is there countercurrent multiplication in the kidney?

A

loop of henle

80
Q

When water reabsorption increases, what happens to urine osmolarity and urine volume?

A

osmolarity increases
volume decreases

81
Q

What is the goal of countercurrent multiplication?

A

concentrate urine

82
Q

The descending limb is [permeable/impermeable] to water

A

permeable

83
Q

The tubular fluid concentration at which part of the loop determines maximal urine concentration?

A

base of the loop

84
Q

What are the 3 actions of ADH?

A

act on mTAL to increase activity of Na/K/2Cl cotransporter
act on principal cells in late distal tubule and collecting tubule to increase water reabsorption in principal cells
acts on inner medullary collecting ducts to increase urea transporter-1

85
Q

What does angiotensin 2 stimulate in the PT?

A

Na+/H+ exchange
HCO3- reabsorption

86
Q

An increase CO2, it will [increase/decrease] reabsorption of HCO3-

A

increase

87
Q

H+ is primarily excreted by _____

A

alpha-intercalated cells

88
Q

Which enzyme in the proximal tubule metabolizes glutamine to glutamate + NH4+?

A

glutaminase

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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