Respiratory Review Flashcards
The ______ system is a low pressure system, and the _______ is a high pressure system
pulmonary
systemic
_____ is an active process, and ________ is a passive process
Inspiration
exhalation
What is atelectasis?
partial or complete collapse of the lung
What is the primary function of the lung?
gas exchange
Give an example of an obligate nose breather. What is a consequence to it?
horses, cattle, rabbits, rodents
cannot vomit
What law is the percentage of each gas in breathed air contributes to total atmospheric pressure?
Dalton’s law
What is the law where gas molecules dissolve in blood proportional to their partial pressure?
Henry’s law
What part of the lungs has the highest area resistance?
bronchioles or respiratory bronchioles
(medium-sized)
Which type of alveolar cells produces surfactant which allows alveoli to remain inflated at low distending pressures
Type II pneumocytes
Which breath/lung sound has the highest resistance? Lowest?
bronchial sound
tracheal sound
What is SPO2?
% saturation of hemoglobin in blood (doesn’t tell us how much is in blood)
The trans pulmonary pressure is always _______
positive
There is a [positive/negative] pressure upon inhalation and this pressure is greatest [at first inhalation/before exhalation]
negative
AT BEGINNING - was an exam question
Exercise causes a shift to the right. What happens to PCO2, pH, temperature, and 2,3 DPG?
everything increases except pH which decreases
Sepsis causes a shift to the left. What happens to PCO2, pH, temperature, and 2,3 DPG?
everything decreases except pH which increases
How is CO competitive on Hb-O2 binding sites?
it has a 200x more affinity for Hb than oxygen
What is the primary driver for breathing?
CO2
CO2 is an important vasoconstrictor/vasodilator a.k.a. delivering more blood to tissues
vasodilator
What is the ultimate result of hypoxia?
increase erythrocytes
Carbon dioxide is transported (90%) as ______
HCO3-
What is the ideal number of V/Q matching?
1, usually is 0.8
In Zone 1, which pressure is highest?
alveolar
What are respiratory causes for hypoxemia?
low inspired O2
hypoventilation
diffusion impairment
V/Q mismatch (pseudo shunt)
shunt (true shunt)
What is the reason for low oxygen in the tissue?
hypoxia
Which center turns off inspiration?
pneuomotaxic center
Which center is involved with inspiratory mechanisms?
apneustic center
What comprises the medullary respiratory center?
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
in medulla
The [central/peripheral] is sensitive mainly to O2
peripheral - was an exam question
The [centeral/peripheral] is sensitive to H+ (that’s produced from increase of CO2)
central
Which respiration pattern is changing rates and depths with apneic periods
Cheyne-Stoke’s
Which respiration pattern is irregular with long apneic periods?
Biot’s/ataxic
Which respiration pattern is from metabolic acidosis, exercise, or anxiety?
Kussmaul’s
What is the holy grail of acid-base?
H+
What are examples of a volatile acid and fixed acids?
volatile: CO2
fixed: from kidneys, non-volatile
- phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, lactic acid, keto-acids
Buffer systems _______
resist a change in pH
Effective buffers have a pK within ____ pH of 7.4
1.0
What is the first line of defense against a pH shift?
chemical buffer system:
- bicarbonate buffer system
- phosphate buffer system
- protein buffer system
What is the second line of defense against a pH shift?
physiological buffers:
- respiratory mechanism (CO2 excretion)
- renal mechanism (H+ excretion)
What takes the shortest amount of time to deal with H+ load? Longest?
shortest: extracellular buffering by HCO3-
longest: renal H+ excretion, hours to days
What is a major intracellular buffer?
phosphate
List intracellular buffers
bicarbonate-carbonic acid
hemoglobin (Hb)
proteins (imidazole)
organic phosphates
What are the 3 renal buffering mechanisms?
reabsorption of HCO3-
excretion: titratable acid
excretion: ammonium (NH4+)
What is respiratory compensation?
if primary problem is metabolic, hyperventilation or hypoventilation may help
What is metabolic compensation?
if primary problem is respiratory, renal mechanisms return pH towards a normal value
The pH changes ______ units for _____ mmHg change in PCO2
0.05 units
10 mmHg
