Respiratory Review

Question 1

The ______ system is a low pressure system, and the _______ is a high pressure system

Answer 1

pulmonary
systemic

Question 2

_____ is an active process, and ________ is a passive process

Answer 2

Inspiration
exhalation

Question 3

What is atelectasis?

Answer 3

partial or complete collapse of the lung

Question 4

What is the primary function of the lung?

Answer 4

gas exchange

Question 5

Give an example of an obligate nose breather. What is a consequence to it?

Answer 5

horses, cattle, rabbits, rodents
cannot vomit

Question 6

What law is the percentage of each gas in breathed air contributes to total atmospheric pressure?

Answer 6

Dalton’s law

Question 7

What is the law where gas molecules dissolve in blood proportional to their partial pressure?

Answer 7

Henry’s law

Question 8

What part of the lungs has the highest area resistance?

Answer 8

bronchioles or respiratory bronchioles
(medium-sized)

Question 9

Which type of alveolar cells produces surfactant which allows alveoli to remain inflated at low distending pressures

Answer 9

Type II pneumocytes

Question 10

Which breath/lung sound has the highest resistance? Lowest?

Answer 10

bronchial sound
tracheal sound

Question 11

What is SPO2?

Answer 11

% saturation of hemoglobin in blood (doesn’t tell us how much is in blood)

Question 12

The trans pulmonary pressure is always _______

Answer 12

positive

Question 13

There is a [positive/negative] pressure upon inhalation and this pressure is greatest [at first inhalation/before exhalation]

Answer 13

negative
AT BEGINNING - was an exam question

Question 14

Exercise causes a shift to the right. What happens to PCO2, pH, temperature, and 2,3 DPG?

Answer 14

everything increases except pH which decreases

Question 15

Sepsis causes a shift to the left. What happens to PCO2, pH, temperature, and 2,3 DPG?

Answer 15

everything decreases except pH which increases

Question 16

How is CO competitive on Hb-O2 binding sites?

Answer 16

it has a 200x more affinity for Hb than oxygen

Question 17

What is the primary driver for breathing?

Answer 17

CO2

Question 18

CO2 is an important vasoconstrictor/vasodilator a.k.a. delivering more blood to tissues

Answer 18

vasodilator

Question 19

What is the ultimate result of hypoxia?

Answer 19

increase erythrocytes

Question 20

Carbon dioxide is transported (90%) as ______

Answer 20

HCO3-

Question 21

What is the ideal number of V/Q matching?

Answer 21

1, usually is 0.8

Question 22

In Zone 1, which pressure is highest?

Answer 22

alveolar

Question 23

What are respiratory causes for hypoxemia?

Answer 23

low inspired O2
hypoventilation
diffusion impairment
V/Q mismatch (pseudo shunt)
shunt (true shunt)

Question 24

What is the reason for low oxygen in the tissue?

Answer 24

hypoxia

Question 25

Which center turns off inspiration?

Answer 25

pneuomotaxic center

Question 26

Which center is involved with inspiratory mechanisms?

Answer 26

apneustic center

Question 27

What comprises the medullary respiratory center?

Answer 27

dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
in medulla

Question 28

The [central/peripheral] is sensitive mainly to O2

Answer 28

peripheral - was an exam question

Question 29

The [centeral/peripheral] is sensitive to H+ (that’s produced from increase of CO2)

Answer 29

central

Question 30

Which respiration pattern is changing rates and depths with apneic periods

Answer 30

Cheyne-Stoke’s

Question 31

Which respiration pattern is irregular with long apneic periods?

Answer 31

Biot’s/ataxic

Question 32

Which respiration pattern is from metabolic acidosis, exercise, or anxiety?

Answer 32

Kussmaul’s

Question 33

What is the holy grail of acid-base?

Answer 33

H+

Question 34

What are examples of a volatile acid and fixed acids?

Answer 34

volatile: CO2
fixed: from kidneys, non-volatile
- phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, lactic acid, keto-acids

Question 35

Buffer systems _______

Answer 35

resist a change in pH

Question 36

Effective buffers have a pK within ____ pH of 7.4

Answer 36

1.0

Question 37

What is the first line of defense against a pH shift?

Answer 37

chemical buffer system:
- bicarbonate buffer system
- phosphate buffer system
- protein buffer system

Question 38

What is the second line of defense against a pH shift?

Answer 38

physiological buffers:
- respiratory mechanism (CO2 excretion)
- renal mechanism (H+ excretion)

Question 39

What takes the shortest amount of time to deal with H+ load? Longest?

Answer 39

shortest: extracellular buffering by HCO3-
longest: renal H+ excretion, hours to days

Question 40

What is a major intracellular buffer?

Answer 40

phosphate

Question 41

List intracellular buffers

Answer 41

bicarbonate-carbonic acid
hemoglobin (Hb)
proteins (imidazole)
organic phosphates

Question 42

What are the 3 renal buffering mechanisms?

Answer 42

reabsorption of HCO3-
excretion: titratable acid
excretion: ammonium (NH4+)

Question 43

What is respiratory compensation?

Answer 43

if primary problem is metabolic, hyperventilation or hypoventilation may help

Question 44

What is metabolic compensation?

Answer 44

if primary problem is respiratory, renal mechanisms return pH towards a normal value

Question 45

The pH changes ______ units for _____ mmHg change in PCO2

Answer 45

0.05 units
10 mmHg