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Veterinary Physiology > Ruminant Digestive Physiology II > Flashcards

Ruminant Digestive Physiology II Flashcards

1
Q

At birth, the rumen is the same size as the ______

A

abomasum

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2
Q

Does a calf at birth have any microbes?

A

No

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3
Q

In a calf (at birth), milk bypasses the rumen via the ______

A

esophageal groove

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4
Q

Calves start to ingest forage and grain at how old? Microbes also appear and the rumen enlarges too.

A

3 weeks old

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5
Q

[Grain/Hay] stimulates more rumen development than [grain/hay]

A

grain
hay

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6
Q

The esophageal groove connects the ______ to the ______

A

cardia region
omasum
so, it bypasses the forestomachs (milk is poorly digested in the rumen)

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7
Q

T/F: The esophageal groove is active in adult cows

A

FALSE - inactive in adults

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8
Q

Formation of the esophageal groove is stimulated by

A

chemical (milk)
ADH
suckling

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9
Q

Rumen fermentation produces a lot of gas. What type of gas is produced the most? The least?

A

CO2
trace amounts of Oc, H2, H2S

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10
Q

T/F: Methane (CH4) is the gas produced the most during rumen fermentation

A

FALSE - CO2!

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11
Q

______ is stimulated by gas pressure in the rumen

A

eructation

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12
Q

What are the two major gases

A

CO2
CH4

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13
Q

Secondary rumen contractions force gas into ______ towards ______

A

reticulum
towards cardia

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14
Q

What keeps digesta away from the cardia so gas can build up?

A

cranial pillar
reticula-rumen fold

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15
Q

What are the 5 F’s of abdominal distention?

A

fart
fluid
food
fetus
fat

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16
Q

What is vagal indigestion syndrome

A

gradual development of abdominal distention
SECONDARY to rumenoreticular distention

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17
Q

What are signs of vagal indigestion?

A

diseases resulting in injury, inflammation, or pressure on vagus nerve

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18
Q

What is Type 1 vagal indigestion syndrome?

A

free gas bloat/failure to eructate

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19
Q

What is Type 2 vagal indigestion syndrome?

A

failure of transport out of rumen (blockage at reticulo-omasal orifice)

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20
Q

What is Type 3 vagal indigestion syndrome?

A

failure of transport out of abomasum (blockage - impaction or displacement)

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21
Q

What is Type 4 vagal indigestion syndrome?

A

indigestion associated with advanced pregnancy

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22
Q

What shape is associated with vagal indigestion syndrome?

A

papple shape

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23
Q

Bloat is another word for _______

A

ruminal tymphany

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24
Q

What is ruminal tymphany?

A

over distention of the rumenoreticulum with gases of fermentation

25
Q

Bloat is common with what kinds of cattle?

A

feedlot cattle
cattle grazing in high legume pastures

26
Q

Frothy bloat is [primary/secondary] ruminal typhany

A

primary

27
Q

Free gas bloat is [primary/secondary] ruminal tymphany

A

secondary

28
Q

What is free gas bloat?

A

obstruction or issue with eructation of gas

29
Q

What causes free gas bloat?

A

esophageal obstruction
GRAIN OVERLOAD (leading to esophagitis & rumenitis interfering with eructation)
interference in nerve pathways involved in eructation

30
Q

What is treatment for bloat?

A

stomach tube to relieve gas pockets
- trocar, cannula, rumenectomy

31
Q

What is frothy bloat?

A

foam mixed with ruminal contents
stable foam of small gas bubbles
primary ruminal tymphany

32
Q

Froth produced gets close to the ____ region and puts pressure on the _______ (parts of the body)

A

cardia
diaphragm

33
Q

What diet is common in getting frothy bloat? What kinds of cows?

A

high legume diets (alfalfa)
feedlot cattle

34
Q

What is poloxalene?

A

anti-foaming agent to prevent froth

35
Q

What is another word for hardware disease?

A

traumatic reticuloperitonitis

36
Q

Heavy material/foreign objects fall into the reticulum during [primary/secondary] rumen contractions

A

primary!

37
Q

What are the resulting problems of traumatic reticuloperitonitis? What do they ALL result in?

A

liver abscess
pleuritis
pericarditis
- all accompanied by peritonitis!

38
Q

How do you diagnose hardware disease? aka traumatic reticuloperitonitis

A

withers pinch test
abdominal paracentesis
hemogram
imaging

39
Q

How do you treat traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

A

magnet
antibiotics
rumenectomy

40
Q

Define displaced abomasum

A

abomasum suspended loosely by greater and lesser momentum in right front quadrant of abdomen

41
Q

What is left displaced abomasum?

A

hypo motility and gas displacement cause displacement towards left laterally to rumen

42
Q

What is right displaced abomasum?

A

abomasum rotates counterclockwise and leads to volvulus and ischemia
hypomotility and gas displacement

43
Q

What factors contribute to a displaced abomasum?

A

hypomotility
periparturient changes in location of intra-abdominal organs (after birth)

44
Q

How does hypomotility contribute to a displaced abomasum?

A

high GRAIN diet
less motility
gas flows into abomasum
if fiber mat is absent, then rumen contractions slow/stop, then abomasa contractions slow/stop
gas builds up

45
Q

How do periparturient changes in location of intra-abdominal organs contribute to a displaced abomasum?

A

organs get shifted around after calving
usually within 14 days of calving

46
Q

List what rumen pH is determined by

A

intake of fermentable carbohydrates
buffering capacity of the rumen
rate of volatile fatty acid absorption

47
Q

What is rumen acidosis?

A

abrupt increase in readily fermentable carbohydrates

48
Q

When there is an abrupt increase in readily fermentable carbohydrates, what happens with the rumen microflora?

A

it needs time to transition from cellulolytic to amylytic
- so, a sudden diet change upsets the rumen

49
Q

Who is more prone to acute acidosis?

A

feedlot cattle
lambs

50
Q

Who is more prone to SARA (subacute rumen acidosis)

A

dairy cows

51
Q

What is subacute rumen acidosis?

A

shortage of amylolytic bacteria
allows s. bovis to grow and produce lactic acid (which is poorly absorbed)
lactic ACID builds up = pH dropping

52
Q

What grows in subacute rumen acidosis due to s. bovis?

A

lactic acid
drops the rumen pH!

53
Q

Subacute rumen acidosis doesn’t have as a severe pH drop and is due to an overall accumulation of _______

A

volatile fatty acids

54
Q

Acute acidosis is diagnosed when the pH is below

A

5.5

55
Q

What is acute acidosis?

A

lactic acid build-up
some lactic acid absorption in BLOOD!

56
Q

In lactic acidosis/metabolic acidosis, the overall _______ absorption is impaired with bacteria invading the rumen wall

A

volatile fatty acid

57
Q

In acute acidosis, the pH in rumen can drop as low as _____ causing _____ to peel (parakeratosis)

A

4
papillae

58
Q

What are treatments/prevention for SARA and acidosis?

A

feed ionophores
buffers
lactic-acid utilizing bacteria

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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