Ruminant Digestive Physiology II Flashcards
At birth, the rumen is the same size as the ______
abomasum
Does a calf at birth have any microbes?
No
In a calf (at birth), milk bypasses the rumen via the ______
esophageal groove
Calves start to ingest forage and grain at how old? Microbes also appear and the rumen enlarges too.
3 weeks old
[Grain/Hay] stimulates more rumen development than [grain/hay]
grain
hay
The esophageal groove connects the ______ to the ______
cardia region
omasum
so, it bypasses the forestomachs (milk is poorly digested in the rumen)
T/F: The esophageal groove is active in adult cows
FALSE - inactive in adults
Formation of the esophageal groove is stimulated by
chemical (milk)
ADH
suckling
Rumen fermentation produces a lot of gas. What type of gas is produced the most? The least?
CO2
trace amounts of Oc, H2, H2S
T/F: Methane (CH4) is the gas produced the most during rumen fermentation
FALSE - CO2!
______ is stimulated by gas pressure in the rumen
eructation
What are the two major gases
CO2
CH4
Secondary rumen contractions force gas into ______ towards ______
reticulum
towards cardia
What keeps digesta away from the cardia so gas can build up?
cranial pillar
reticula-rumen fold
What are the 5 F’s of abdominal distention?
fart
fluid
food
fetus
fat
What is vagal indigestion syndrome
gradual development of abdominal distention
SECONDARY to rumenoreticular distention
What are signs of vagal indigestion?
diseases resulting in injury, inflammation, or pressure on vagus nerve
What is Type 1 vagal indigestion syndrome?
free gas bloat/failure to eructate
What is Type 2 vagal indigestion syndrome?
failure of transport out of rumen (blockage at reticulo-omasal orifice)
What is Type 3 vagal indigestion syndrome?
failure of transport out of abomasum (blockage - impaction or displacement)
What is Type 4 vagal indigestion syndrome?
indigestion associated with advanced pregnancy
What shape is associated with vagal indigestion syndrome?
papple shape
Bloat is another word for _______
ruminal tymphany
What is ruminal tymphany?
over distention of the rumenoreticulum with gases of fermentation
Bloat is common with what kinds of cattle?
feedlot cattle
cattle grazing in high legume pastures
Frothy bloat is [primary/secondary] ruminal typhany
primary
Free gas bloat is [primary/secondary] ruminal tymphany
secondary
What is free gas bloat?
obstruction or issue with eructation of gas
What causes free gas bloat?
esophageal obstruction
GRAIN OVERLOAD (leading to esophagitis & rumenitis interfering with eructation)
interference in nerve pathways involved in eructation
What is treatment for bloat?
stomach tube to relieve gas pockets
- trocar, cannula, rumenectomy
What is frothy bloat?
foam mixed with ruminal contents
stable foam of small gas bubbles
primary ruminal tymphany
Froth produced gets close to the ____ region and puts pressure on the _______ (parts of the body)
cardia
diaphragm
What diet is common in getting frothy bloat? What kinds of cows?
high legume diets (alfalfa)
feedlot cattle
What is poloxalene?
anti-foaming agent to prevent froth
What is another word for hardware disease?
traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Heavy material/foreign objects fall into the reticulum during [primary/secondary] rumen contractions
primary!
What are the resulting problems of traumatic reticuloperitonitis? What do they ALL result in?
liver abscess
pleuritis
pericarditis
- all accompanied by peritonitis!
How do you diagnose hardware disease? aka traumatic reticuloperitonitis
withers pinch test
abdominal paracentesis
hemogram
imaging
How do you treat traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
magnet
antibiotics
rumenectomy
Define displaced abomasum
abomasum suspended loosely by greater and lesser momentum in right front quadrant of abdomen
What is left displaced abomasum?
hypo motility and gas displacement cause displacement towards left laterally to rumen
What is right displaced abomasum?
abomasum rotates counterclockwise and leads to volvulus and ischemia
hypomotility and gas displacement
What factors contribute to a displaced abomasum?
hypomotility
periparturient changes in location of intra-abdominal organs (after birth)
How does hypomotility contribute to a displaced abomasum?
high GRAIN diet
less motility
gas flows into abomasum
if fiber mat is absent, then rumen contractions slow/stop, then abomasa contractions slow/stop
gas builds up
How do periparturient changes in location of intra-abdominal organs contribute to a displaced abomasum?
organs get shifted around after calving
usually within 14 days of calving
List what rumen pH is determined by
intake of fermentable carbohydrates
buffering capacity of the rumen
rate of volatile fatty acid absorption
What is rumen acidosis?
abrupt increase in readily fermentable carbohydrates
When there is an abrupt increase in readily fermentable carbohydrates, what happens with the rumen microflora?
it needs time to transition from cellulolytic to amylytic
- so, a sudden diet change upsets the rumen
Who is more prone to acute acidosis?
feedlot cattle
lambs
Who is more prone to SARA (subacute rumen acidosis)
dairy cows
What is subacute rumen acidosis?
shortage of amylolytic bacteria
allows s. bovis to grow and produce lactic acid (which is poorly absorbed)
lactic ACID builds up = pH dropping
What grows in subacute rumen acidosis due to s. bovis?
lactic acid
drops the rumen pH!
Subacute rumen acidosis doesn’t have as a severe pH drop and is due to an overall accumulation of _______
volatile fatty acids
Acute acidosis is diagnosed when the pH is below
5.5
What is acute acidosis?
lactic acid build-up
some lactic acid absorption in BLOOD!
In lactic acidosis/metabolic acidosis, the overall _______ absorption is impaired with bacteria invading the rumen wall
volatile fatty acid
In acute acidosis, the pH in rumen can drop as low as _____ causing _____ to peel (parakeratosis)
4
papillae
What are treatments/prevention for SARA and acidosis?
feed ionophores
buffers
lactic-acid utilizing bacteria
