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Veterinary Physiology > Endocrine Pancreas II > Flashcards

Endocrine Pancreas II Flashcards

1
Q

How does carbohydrate metabolism affect insulin?

A

decreases blood glucose
increases glucose transport into muscle and adipose
promotes glycogen formation in liver and muscle
inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

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2
Q

Insulin also aids in _______ of glucose in the liver for glycogen storage. Also keeps it from leaving the cell

A

phosphorylation

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3
Q

How does lipid metabolism affect insulin?

A

inhibits mobilization of oxidation of fatty acids
inhibits ketogenesis in liver
promotes ffa storage as triglycerides
inhibits ffa uptake in muscle (in favor of glucose)
inhibits lipolysis

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4
Q

What is ketogenesis? What does it produce

A

breakdown of fatty acid and ketogenic amino acids to supply energy during fasting
produces ketone bodies

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5
Q

What enzyme increases with ffa storage as triglycerides? Where?

A

lipoprotein lipase
adipose

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6
Q

When you inhibit lipolysis with insulin secretion, you inhibit _________

A

hormone-sensitive lipase

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7
Q

How does protein metabolism affect insulin?

A

ANABOLIC!
decreased blood amino acids
increase aa and protein uptake by tissues
increase protein synthesis
inhibit protein degredation

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8
Q

What are other action of insulin?

A

promotes K+ uptake into cells
promotes phosphate, Mg2+ uptake into cells
decrease appetite

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9
Q

Insulin [increases/decreases] appetite via the ________

A

decreases
satiety center of hypothalamus

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10
Q

What does excess insulin cause?

A

hypoglycemia

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11
Q

What does hypoglycemia stimulate?

A

cortisol release to stimulate appetite

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12
Q

What happens in insulin resistance?

A

insulin over-produced (because of high blood glucose which stimulates the release in pancreas, beta cells, remember)
blood insulin and glucose remain high

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13
Q

Why is insulin over-produced with resistance? It helps protect….

A

during acute illness
preserve brain’s glucose supply

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14
Q

Why is there insulin resistance?

A

decrease number of receptors
decreased affinity of receptors for insulin

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15
Q

What effect does insulin have on ffa storage in adipose tissue?

A

increases

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16
Q

What are som other causes of insulin resistance?

A

hormones
obesity
liver or kidney failure
sepsis
insulin antibodies

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17
Q

T/F: It is completely normal to have short-term insulin resistance due to hormones

A

TRUE!

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18
Q

What happens in obesity with insulin resistance?

A

get impaired insulin signaling
decrease inGLUT 4 receptor expression in adipose tissue

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19
Q

What happens with skeletal muscle regarding insulin resistance in obesity?

A

GLUT 4 expression is normal but decreased transport due to translocation/docking/fusion of GLUT 4 into membrane

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20
Q

What happens with liver or kidney failure with insulin resistance?

A

suggested there are circulating factors in blood of uremic patients that disrupt insulin signaling

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21
Q

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

insulin deficiency
destruction of beta cells, usually due to autoimmune process

22
Q

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

insulin resistance (cells not responding normally)

23
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

insulin resistance can be associated with down-regulation of insulin receptors in muscle and adipose tissues or issues with insulin signaling

24
Q

What is insulinoma?

A

excessive insulin production by beta-cell tumor

25
Q

What results in a lack of insulin?

A

hyperglycemia
hyperlipidemia
peripheral tissue protein catabolism

26
Q

What is responsible for most of fasting hyperglycemia?

A

increased hepatic output

27
Q

What does increased hepatic output lead to with a lack of insulin?

A

gluconeogenesis increases
uses glucogenic amino acids and glycerol (associated with increased glucagon)

28
Q

List the effects of hyperglycemia with decreased insulin

A

increased hepatic output in type 2 diabetes
cells starve
blood hyperosmolality
osmotic diuresis in kidneys

29
Q

What happens with osmotic diuresis in kidneys?

A

glucose spilling into urine, water follows

30
Q

What happens in hyperlipidemia with decreased insulin?

A

increased oxidation of fat - due to increased lipolysis
fat accumulation in liver

31
Q

Fatt accumulation in the liver has what effects regarding low insulin with hyperlipidemia?

A

increase free fatty acids
increase keto acids
overwhelm liver (fatty)

32
Q

What happens in peripheral tissue protein catabolism with low insulin action? Why?

A

muscle wasting
weight loss
due to gluconeogensis and LOW amino acid uptake by cells

33
Q

[Insulin/Glucagon] sequence is identical in ALL species

A

glucagon

34
Q

What stimulates glucagon release?

A

hypoglycemia
protein/aa - stimulates liver to take up aa for fasting
fasting
stress (especially infection)
intense exercise
cholecystokinin

35
Q

What inhibits glucagon secretion?

A

glucose
insulin
somatostatin

36
Q

How does glucagon act?

A

works through stimulation of a G-protein/cAMP to mediate effects

37
Q

What are the effects of glucagon?

A

increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketoacid formation

38
Q

Does glucagon have effect on glucose utilization by peripheral tissues?

A

Not really - little to no effect

39
Q

What is glucagonoma?

A

tumor of alpha-cells in pancreas
results in diabetes mellitus and necrolytic migratory erythema

40
Q

What are the pathophysiology associated with glucagon?

A

glucagonoma
hyperglucagonemia/diabetes mellitus associated with infection

41
Q

What is hyperglucagonemia/diabetes mellitus associated with infection?

A

glucagon:insulin ration increased

42
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by _______

A

delta cells in pancreas
hypothalamus
GI cells

43
Q

Somatostatin is stimulated by

A

all nutrients, inhibited by insulin

44
Q

Somatostatin is inhibited by

A

insulin

45
Q

Somatostatin inhibits

A

insulin and glucagon
GI hormones
GI motility, enzymes, gastric acid secretion

46
Q

SS-28 is ___

A

GI stomatostatin

47
Q

SS-14 is ____

A

pancreatic & hypothalamic

48
Q

List some hormones of adipose tissue?

A

leptin
tumor necrosis factor-alpha
adiponectin

49
Q

Define leptin

A

inhibits appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y
increases basal metabolic rate
resistance can contribute to obesity
- an adipose tissue hormone

50
Q

What is adiponectin?

A

improves insulin sensitivity

51
Q

Adiponectin improves insulin sensitivity by ______

A

increasing tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor

52
Q

[High/Low] adiponectin has a low risk of type 2 diabetes, and [high/low] adiponectin increases risk of obesity and diabetes (cats)

A

low
high

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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