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Veterinary Physiology > Endocrine Pancreas 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine Pancreas 1 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: The endocrine pancreas comprises the majority of the pancreas

A

FALSE - exocrine

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2
Q

What hormones are produced in the endocrine pancreas

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin

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3
Q

What tissues are insulin sensitive?

A

muscle
adipose tissue
liver

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4
Q

Insulin and glucagon regulate glucose, ______, and _____ metabolism

A

amino acid
fatty acid

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5
Q

The majority of the endocrine are _____ cells, which produce insulin

A

beta

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6
Q

65% of the pancreas are beta cells, which is ______

A

insulin

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7
Q

20% of the pancreas are alpha cells, which is ______

A

glucagon

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8
Q

10% of the pancreas are delta cells, which is ______

A

somatostatin

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9
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

inhibit both insulin and glucagon release

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10
Q

How are delta cells dispersed in the islets?

A

all around

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11
Q

Hormones in the pancreas are secreted into _______ veins which then drain to the ________

A

portal vein
liver

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12
Q

Give an example of a hormone around the periphery of the pancreas

A

pancreatic polypeptide

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13
Q

What are the benefits of gap junctions? Where are there gap junctions between which cell types?

A

FAST!
alpha to alpha
alpha to beta
beta to beta

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14
Q

Blood supply to pancreas arranged so that __________ from each cell type _______ other cell types

A

venous blood
bathe

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15
Q

What kind of vessel enters the islet core?

A

arteries

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16
Q

What kind of vessel is distributed throughout the inlet?

A

capillaries

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16
Q

Which type of vessel converges around the rim?

A

veins

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16
Q

Islets are innervated by _____, ________, and ________ neurons

A

adrenergic
cholinergic
peptidergic

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17
Q

What are the conserved regions of insulin?

A

location of 3 disulfide bonds
ends of A chains
C-terminal residues of B chain

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18
Q

A chain has ______ aa and B chain _______ aa

A

21 aa
30 aa

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19
Q

Which chain of insulin is more important? Why?

A

B chain
biologically active

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20
Q

How many bridges link A to B chain? There is a 3rd bridge in the _____ chain

A

2
A chain

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21
Q

Insulin is synthesized as a _________ with 4 peptides. List them

A

preprohormone
signal peptide
A & B chains
connecting peptide (C peptide)

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22
Q

Proinsulin is sent to the _____, where insulin folds and _______ form

A

ER
disulfide bridges

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23
Q

The ______ packages insulin into granules and _______ (proteases) cut ______

A

golgi
proteases
C-peptide

24
Q

When proteases cut insulin, what are the 2 products?

A

insulin
C-peptide! (it’s still there)

25
Q

How is insulin metabolized in the liver?

A

enzymes break disulfide bonds
A & B excreted in urine

26
Q

What is the most important stimulator of insulin secretion?

A

blood glucose

27
Q

Glucose is transported into the beta cell via _______ transporter. Which type of diffusion?

A

GLUT 2
facilitated diffusion

28
Q

What is glucose immediately phosphorylated by? What is a product?

A

glucokinase
ATP

29
Q

Why is glucose immediately phosphorylated by glucokinase?

A

so it doesn’t leave the cell

30
Q

ATP closes ______ channels. What happens?

A

K+ channels
depolarizes membrane

31
Q

What does depolarization do during regulation of insulin secretion? It flows [into/out of] cell

A

opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
into!

32
Q

What does an increase in intracellular Ca2+ cause?

A

exocytosis of insulin granules into venous blood

33
Q

______ is secreted in equal amounts to insulin

A

C-peptide

34
Q

T/F: C-peptide is excreted unchanged in urine

A

TRUE

35
Q

What 2 things are used to assess beta cell function?

A

blood insulin
C-peptide being excreted unchanged in urine

36
Q

[Oral/Intravenous] glucose causes greatest insulin response due to “______” effect

A

oral glucose
incretin

37
Q

Oral glucose stimulates _______

A

release of other hormones from enteric neurons/hormone cells in GIT
stimulates insulin release

38
Q

List things that stimulate insulin secretion

A

amino acids
keto acids
ffa
K+, Ca2+
GIP, vagal stimulation (Ach), drugs (sulfolnylurea)
GLUCAGON

39
Q

List things that inhibit insulin secretion

A

fasting
exercise
somatostatin
leptin

40
Q

What is the insulin receptor?

A

tyrosine kinase

41
Q

Insulin receptor has 2 subunits: _____ and _____. Define them

A

alpha: subunits are EXTRACELLULAR, connected by disulfide bonds between alphas, and alpha to beta
beta: span the membrane

42
Q

Insulin binds [alpha/beta] subunits, causing conformational change and activates tyrosine kinase in [alpha/beta] subunits

A

alpha
beta

43
Q

What does tyrosine kinase phosphorylate?

A

phosphates
phospholipases
G proteins

44
Q

Insulin receptor complex internalized by target cell to be ______, ________, or ________

A

degraded
stored
recycled

45
Q

Insulin receptors ______ or ______ regulate. Type II diabetes and obesity relate to ________

A

up or down regulate
down regulate

46
Q

When nutrients are available, ____ makes sure those nutrients are stored

A

insulin

47
Q

What is used during fasting?

A

stored nutrients

48
Q

Insulin DIRECTLY stimulates glucose uptake into ______ and _______, but NOT ______

A

muscle
fat
NOT liver

49
Q

What are some insulin-independent transporters?

A

GLUT 1
GLUT 2
GLUT 3

50
Q

Where is GLUT 1 found?

A

liver
red blood cells

51
Q

What helps with phosphorylation of glucose in the liver?

A

insulin

52
Q

Where is GLUT 2 found?

A

liver
beta cells of pancrease

53
Q

What happens in chronic hyperglycemia?

A

see decreased number of GLUT 2 on beta cells which decreases insulin secretion

54
Q

Where is GLUT 3 found?

A

in brain

55
Q

What are insulin-dependent transporters?

A

GLUT 4

56
Q

Where is GLUT 4 found?

A

fat
muscle
heart

57
Q

T/F: Transport of glucose in intestines and kidneys is NOT regulated by insulin but is K+ dependent

A

FALSE - NA+

58
Q

Where is GLUT 5 found?

A

intestine

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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