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Veterinary Physiology > Auditory > Flashcards

Auditory Flashcards

1
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve is for _____ and ______

A

hearing
equilibrium

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2
Q

What is the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?

A

passageways in petrous temporal bone

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3
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth?

A

connective tissue tubes within bony labyrinth

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4
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth filled with?

A

endolymph (blue fluid), similar to intracellular fluid, high in K+

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5
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth floating in?

A

perilymph (similar to cerebrospinal fluid)

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6
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

organ of hearing

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7
Q

Define scala vestibuli

A

dorsal chamber
filled with perilymph
begins at oval window and spirals to apex

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8
Q

Define scala tympani

A

ventral chamber
filled with perilymph
begins at apex and ends at round window
secondary tympanic membrane

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9
Q

Define scala media (cochlear duct)

A

triangular middle chamber
filled with endolymph (K+ rich)

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10
Q

Stereocilia of hair cells of organ of corti are embedded in the _________

A

tectorial membrane

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11
Q

When the basilar membrane moves up, _____ are pushed into the tectorial membrane

A

hair cells

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12
Q

What is pulled that opens ion channels in the hai cell?

A

tip links

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13
Q

What ion diffuses into the hair cell and depolarizes it?

A

K

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14
Q

What is conductive deafness?

A

conditions interfere with transmission of vibrations to inner ear
- damaged tympanic membrane
- otitis media
- tumors, polyps

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15
Q

What is sensorineural (nerve) deafness?

A

death of hair cells, CN VIII, or any CNS system elements concerned with hearing
- genetic (congenital)
- geriatric (age-related)
- acquired (infections, trauma, loud noises, tumor)

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16
Q

What is the first order neuron for the auditory pathway?

A

cochlear n.

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17
Q

Where is the cochlear nuclei located?

A

medulla

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18
Q

What are 2nd order neurons of the auditory pathway?

A

dorsal nucleus of the trapezoid body (superior olivary nucleus) —> decussate —> DNTB or lateral lemniscus

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19
Q

The caudal colliculus is associated with the ______

A

tectospinal tract

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20
Q

The medial geniculate nucleus is associated with the _______

A

primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

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21
Q

The vast majority of signals end up in [ipsilateral/contralateral] auditory cortex

A

contralateral

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22
Q

What is the acoustic startle reflex?

A

reflex turning of head and neck

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23
Q

Trace the acoustic startle reflex pathway.

A

caudal colliculus in midbrain —> rostral colliculus —> to tectospinal tract —> stimulate neck muscles IPSILATERAL to sound

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24
Q

What nerves does the stapedius reflex involve?

A

vestibulocochlear n.
facial n.

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25
Q

Olfaction and gustation receptors are _______

A

chemoreceptors

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26
Q

What is the primary afferent neuron for olfactory receptor cells?

A

olfactory receptor cell

27
Q

What is a gustatory receptor?

A

specialized epithelial cell (“sense organ”) that transducer chemical signals and then sends electrical signals to the primary afferent neuron

28
Q

What does sniffing accomplish?

A

bring odorants into olfactory areas

29
Q

Sniffing is under [unidirectional/bidirectional] flow

A

unidirectional flow
localize scents
expel air to purge and sniff again

30
Q

The [right/left] nostril is for familiar scents, and the [right/left] nostril is for novel or noxious smells

A

left
right

31
Q

Where do olfactory receptors only line?

A

olfactory epithelium on ethmoturbinates

32
Q

The rest of the turbinate lining is made up of ______, with no olfactory capacity

A

respiratory epithelium

33
Q

Olfactory epithelium has neurons exposed to ______

A

external environment

34
Q

Define olfactory receptor cells

A

primary afferent neuron (bipolar)

35
Q

________ bind to receptors located on cilia that protrude into the _______

A

odorant molecules
nasal cavity

36
Q

List things in olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells

37
Q

What is one of the only neurons that is a stem cell and CAN replace itself?

A

basal cells in the olfactory epithelium

38
Q

Where does the odorant bind on the olfactory receptor cell?

A

G-protein coupled receptor

39
Q

What does the G-protein subunit activate which converts ATP to cAMP?

A

adenylyl cyclase

40
Q

cAMP opens ___, ___, and _____ channels

A

Na+
K+
Ca2+

41
Q

The membrane in olfactory transduction is [depolarized/hyperpolarized]

A

depolarized

42
Q

At the end of olfactory transduction, an action potential is generated in ________

A

olfactory neurons axon

43
Q

What is the first order neuron for the olfactory path?

A

through cribriform plate to olfactory bulb

44
Q

What do olfactory bulb interneurons do?

A

process, filter, enhance transmission of specific odorants

45
Q

What is the 2nd order neuron in the olfactory path? Where does it go?

A

mitral cell
axons project to cerebellum

46
Q

T/F: There is a conscious perception before the thalamus

A

TRUE

47
Q

Where is the olfactory cortex located?

A

piriform lobe

48
Q

In the olfactory pathway, transmission through the _____ is not required

A

thalamus

49
Q

What is the accessory olfactory system?

A

vomeronasal organ that is connected to the nasal and oral cavity via the nasopalatine ducts

50
Q

______ are introduced to the nasopalatine ducts through inhalation in some species and through liquid/mucus in others

A

pheromones

51
Q

Vomeronasal organ fibers go to ______ and then to the ________

A

accessory olfactory bulb
olfactory cortex

52
Q

What are the sensory organs for taste?

A

taste buds

53
Q

Taste buds are found on ______

A

gustatory papillae

54
Q

Taste buds contain what kinds of cells?

A

specialized epithelial cells
supporting cells
basal cells (like olfactory epithelium)

55
Q

What contains chemoreceptors in the taste receptor cells?

A

microvilli

56
Q

Bitter, sweet, or savory uses what?

A

G-protein coupled receptor (IP3, Ca2+)

57
Q

What does the signaling cascade for bitter, sweet, and savory open?

A

transient receptor potential channels (TRP)
- receptor cell then depolarized

58
Q

Salty has a lot of ______

A

Na+

59
Q

Sour has a lot of _____

A

H+

60
Q

What pathway does salty and sour use for taste transduction?

A

chemicals bind and directly open inotropic epithelium sodium channels to allow H+ or Na+ to enter
- receptor cells is depolarized

61
Q

What are the primary afferents axons of the first order neurons in? (what nerves)

A

7, 9, 10

62
Q

Where is the second order neuron for the gustatory pathway?

A

solitary nucleus of the medulla

63
Q

Second order neurons send ______ to third order neurons in the ____ in the gustatory pathway

A

axon projections
thalamus

64
Q

In the gustatory pathway, third order neurons project to the “_______” of the temporal lobe in cerebral cortex

A

taste cortex
seems like this pathway is ipsilateral

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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