Hormone Synthesis, Regulation of Hormone Secretion, & Hormone Receptors

Question 1

The endocrine works in concert with the _______ to maintain homeostasis

Answer 1

nervous system

Question 2

Most hormones are synthesized in, and secreted by, _______ (there are exceptions)

Answer 2

glands

Question 3

Hormones are usually secreted by glands exit gastrointestinal hormones which are secreted by ________

Answer 3

clusters of endocrine cells, some made in hypothalamus, placenta, kidney

Question 4

Both endocrine and neurons secrete substances into _______

Answer 4

the blood

Question 5

T/F: Some molecules can be both hormones and neutrotransmitters

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

Define homeostasis

Answer 6

ability of body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions

Question 7

What are the 3 mechanisms of homeostasis?

Answer 7

receptor
control center
effector

Question 8

What is the receptor in homeostasis?

Answer 8

receive information that something is changed
ex. thermometer

Question 9

What is the control center in homeostasis?

Answer 9

integration
what receives and processes information (thermostat)

Question 10

What is the effector in homeostatis?

Answer 10

respond to command of control center (furnace responding to thermostat)

Question 11

T/F: Positive feedback results in homeostasis

Answer 11

FALSE!!!
it AMPLIFIES the change in variable

Question 12

What are the hormone signaling pathways?

Answer 12

endocrine/telecrine
neurocrine
autocrine
paracrine

Question 13

Define endocrine/telecrine

Answer 13

traveling long distance in blood to target tissue

Question 14

Define neurocrine

Answer 14

secreted by neuron into blood

Question 15

Define autocrine

Answer 15

exerts effects on itself or super identical cells

Question 16

Define paracrine

Answer 16

travel just to intestinal within same tissue
- close to target cells
diffusion through interstitial fluid

Question 17

What signaling pathways DO NOT go into the blood?

Answer 17

paracrine
autocrine

Question 18

What are hormone classifications?

Answer 18

peptides & proteins
steroids
amines
eicosanoids

Question 19

What is conserved across species?

Answer 19

Steroids

Question 20

Amines are derived from _______

Answer 20

tyrosine

Question 21

Eicosanoids are derived from ______

Answer 21

fatty acids

Question 22

Peptides/protein hormones are derived from ______

Answer 22

amino acids

Question 23

List some examples of peptide/protein hormones

Answer 23

insulin, growth factors, growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, antidiuretic hormone

Question 24

The structure of different peptide hormones may be very similar to each other and may only differ by a _______. This allows _________

Answer 24

side chain
allows similar hormones to act on multiple receptors

Question 25

What can act on insulin receptors because their structure is very similar?

Answer 25

growth-factor hormones

Question 26

Fill in the blanks

Answer 26

1. nucleus
2. mRNA
3. preprohormone
4. ER
5. prohormone
6. golgi
7. secretory vesicles

Question 27

What are the steps in synthesized peptide and protein hormones?

Answer 27

mRNA transcribed
message translated on ribosome = preprohormone
transported to ER = prohormone when signal peptide degraded
transported to Golgi - undergo more processing
package into secretory granules
granule contents release when endocrine cell is stimulated

Question 28

T/F: A stimulus of peptide/protein secretion always results in immediate release

Answer 28

FALSE - transcription and translation is needed

Question 29

Why are peptides/proteins not always released immediately? (What is required?)

Answer 29

transcription and translation is needed
body doesn’t have this in high amounts

Question 30

How are catecholamines synthesized?

Answer 30

using tyrosine

Question 31

Catecholamines are [fast/slow] release

Answer 31

fast

Question 32

Thyroid hormones are synthesized from ________ and ________

Answer 32

tyrosine
iodide

Question 33

Secretion of thyroid hormones require retrieval of ______ and release from __________, a storage protein

Answer 33

follicles
thyroglobulin

Question 34

Steroid hormones are synthesized from _______

Answer 34

cholesterol
- there’s also cortisol and aldosterone

Question 35

Steroid hormone secretion requires ______ because [it is/it is not] normally stored

Answer 35

synthesis
is not usually stored

Question 36

Prostaglandins are synthesized from

Answer 36

arachidonic acid

Question 37

What kind of hormone are prostaglandins?

Answer 37

paracrine - made locally and act within same tissues of nearby cells

Question 38

What are the 2 mechanisms of hormone secretion?

Answer 38

neural mechanisms
feedback mechanisms

Question 39

Neural mechanisms are [more/less] common than feedback mechanisms

Answer 39

less

Question 40

What is an example of a neural mechanism?

Answer 40

stimulation of preganglionic nerve causes release of catecholamines from adrenal medulla

Question 41

Feedback mechanisms use which kinds of loops?

Answer 41

long
short
ultra short

Question 42

Define ultra short loops

Answer 42

hypothalamic hormone inhibiting its own secretion (autocrine)

Question 43

Define short loops

Answer 43

negative feedback from pituitary to hypothalamus

Question 44

Define long loops

Answer 44

hormone released from target tissue that feeds back to original release point (pituitary gland or hypothalamus)
all about distance travelled

Question 45

What is negative feedback via a HORMONE?

Answer 45

when hormone levels are judged to be adequate or high, further secretion is inhibited

Question 46

What is negative feed back via a SUBSTRATE?

Answer 46

when hormone/substrate levels are judged to be inadequate or low, secretion of hormone is stimulated

Question 47

What is positive feedback?

Answer 47

a feature of hormone action causes MORE secretion of the hormone