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Vet Derm Review > SAD - Chapter 17 - Nutritional Skin Dz > Flashcards

SAD - Chapter 17 - Nutritional Skin Dz Flashcards

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1
Q

Aromatic amino acids that influence hair color

A

phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine

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2
Q

Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids for dogs? Cats?

A

linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid; cats – arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid

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3
Q

Where are the double bonds located with omega-3 fatty acids?

A

3-carbon position from the carboxyl end

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4
Q

Where are the double bonds located with omega-6 fatty acids?

A

6-carbon position from the carboxyl end

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5
Q

What omega-6 fatty acids are essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic acid and arachidonic acid (cat)

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6
Q

What omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids?

A

alpha-linolenic acid

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7
Q

Why can’t cats synthesize enough arachidonic acid to meet their physiologic requirement?

A

low levels of delta-6 desaturase activity, which is used to convert linoleic acid into AA acid

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8
Q

What is the function of vitamin A in the skin?

A

important in cellular metabolism; required for normal maturation of skin and hair follicles; essential for normal epithelial tissue lining digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts; required for proper immune system functioning

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9
Q

Signs of vitamin A deficiency

A

epidermal hyperkeratosis and scaling, occlusion of sebaceous ducts, papules associate with follicular hyperkeratois, poor hair coat and alopecia; reproductive failure, retinal degeneration and night blindness; increased susceptibility to infections

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10
Q

Signs of vitamin A toxicity

A

epidermal scaling, unkempt hair coat, anorexia, weight loss, bone decalcification, liver damage

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11
Q

Functions of Vitamin D

A

required for normal calcium absorption and metabolism; essential for normal bone development. Vitamin D3 also has a role in regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation

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12
Q

Signs of vitamin D deficiency

A

rickets in young, osteomalacia in adults, chest deformity, poor eruption of teeth

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13
Q

Signs of vitamin D toxicity

A

increased blood calcium levels, soft-tissue calcification, diarrhea, kidney failure, death

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14
Q

Functions of Vitamin E

A

antioxidant, protect cells from oxidative damage; may have a role in normal immune function

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15
Q

Signs of Vitamin E deficiency

A

pansteatitis (seen in cats fed diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids); seborrhea, muscular dystrophy; reproductive failure; intestinal lipofuscinosis, impaired immunity with predisposition to bacterial skin infections and demodicosis (dogs)

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16
Q

Signs of Vitamin E toxicity

A

anorexia

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17
Q

Functions of Vitamin K

A

formation of clotting factors and normal blood clotting

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18
Q

Signs of Vitamin K deficiency

A

hemorrhage, increased bleeding times (poor blood clotting)

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19
Q

Signs of vitamin K toxicity

A

none reported

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20
Q

Functions of vitamin C

A

antioxidant; formation and maintenance of matrix of bone, cartilage and connective tissue

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21
Q

Signs of Vitamin C deficiency

A

rickets, impaired wound healing, bleeding, anemia, increased susceptibility to infections

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22
Q

Signs of Vitamin C toxicity

A

none reported – dogs & cats do not require a dietary source of vitamin C (synthesize adequate levels)

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23
Q

Functions of thiamine (B1)

A

component of two coenzymes essential in carbohydrate metabolism and energy transfer; promotes natural health and digestion and normal nerve function

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24
Q

Signs of thiamine (B1) deficiency

A

anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, dehydration, ventral flexion of neck, paralysis, incoordination

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25
Q

Signs of thiamine (B1) toxicity

A

nontoxic

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26
Q

Functions of riboflavin (B2)

A

forms parts of two coenzymes with roles in energy transfer and protein metabolism; component of xanthine oxidase required for epithelial cell maturation

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27
Q

Signs of riboflavin (B2) deficiency

A

retarded growth, dry scaly skin, erythema, posterior muscle weakness, anemia, ocular lesions (pannus), glossitis, reduced fertility, testicular hypoplasia, fatty liver

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28
Q

Signs of riboflavin (B2) toxicity

A

nontoxic

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29
Q

Functions of niacin

A

component of two coenzymes with roles in energy transfer; required for metabolism

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30
Q

Signs of niacin deficiency

A

blacktongue (pellagra), pruritic dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, anorexia, anemia, emaciation, death

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31
Q

Signs of niacin toxicity

A

cutaneous flushing, itching

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32
Q

Functions of pyridoxine (B6)

A

part of enzyme involved in protein metabolism; essential for normal metabolism of tryptophan

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33
Q

Signs of pyridoxine (B6) deficiency

A

dermatitis with dull, waxy, unkempt haircoat, alopecia and scaling, seizures, anemia, high serum iron, anorexia, weight loss, impaired growth

34
Q

Signs of pyridoxine (B6) toxicity

A

nontoxic

35
Q

Function of pantothenic acid (B5)

A

constituent of coenzyme A required for normal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

36
Q

Signs of pantothenic acid (B5) deficiency

A

anorexia, stunted growth, hypoglycemia, uremia, gastroenteritis, seizures, fatty liver, coma, death

37
Q

Signs of pantothenic acid toxicity

A

nontoxic

38
Q

Functions of folic acid

A

required for normal red blood cell development and DNA synthesis

39
Q

Signs of folic acid deficiency

A

anemia, leukopenia, stunted growth, glossitis

40
Q

Signs of folic acid toxicity

A

nontoxic

41
Q

Functions of biotin

A

required for metabolism of fats and amino acids, essential for skin and hair health, functions in enzyme systems

42
Q

Signs of biotin deficiency

A

scaly dermatitis, alopecia, anorexia, weakness, diarrhea, progressive spasticity, and posterior paralysis

43
Q

Signs of biotin toxicity

A

nontoxic

44
Q

Functions of cobalamin

A

required for synthesis of nucleic acids; involved in purine synthesis and carbohydrate and fat metabolism

45
Q

Signs of cobalamin (B12) deficiency

A

anemia, impaired growth, posterior incoordination

46
Q

Signs of cobalamin (B12) toxicity

A

nontoxic

47
Q

Functions of calcium

A

bone and tooth formationi, blood clotting, enzyme activation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission

48
Q

Signs of calcium deficiency

A

rickets in young and osteomalacia in adults, lameness, stiffness, constipation, anorexia, loss of teeth, tetany with acute deficiency

49
Q

Signs of calcium toxicity

A

impaired skeletal development, secondary deficiencies of other minerals, especially zinc, phosphorous, and copper (interference with absorption); bloat

50
Q

Functions of phosphorous

A

bone and tooth formation; component of enzyme systems, involved in energy transfer (component of high-energy bonds), part of DNA and RNA

51
Q

Signs of phosphorous deficiency

A

rough hair coat, pica, anorexia, slow growth, rickets in young, osteomalacia in adults

52
Q

Signs of phosphorous toxicity

A

impaired skeletal development, secondary deficiency of calcium, kidney damage

53
Q

Functions of sodium

A

muscle contraction, maintenance of body fluid volumes, component of bile, muscle, and nerve function

54
Q

Signs of sodium deficiency

A

salt hunger, pica, weight loss, fatigue, impaired milk secretion, polyuria, circulatory failure

55
Q

Signs of sodium toxicity

A

thirst, pruritus, constipation, anorexia, seizures, hypertension (all unlikely if water is freely available)

56
Q

Function of magnesium

A

enzyme activator, constituent of skeletal tissue, required for muscle and nerve function, roles in energy metabolism and protein synthesis

57
Q

Signs of magnesium deficiency

A

calcification of soft tissues, retarded growth, spreading of toes, hyperirritability, seizures, excess salivation

58
Q

Signs of magnesium toxicity

A

acute excesses may cause diarrhea; chronic excesses may contribute to urolithiasis, cystitis, and urinary tract disease in cats

59
Q

Functions of zinc

A

essential component of many enzyme systems, including those involved in protein and carbohydrate metabolism; required for maturation of skin cells and healthy hair coat; required for normal immune function

60
Q

Signs of zinc deficiency

A

impaired growth, scaly skin with parakeratosis, depigmentation of hair, infertility, testicular hypoplasia, impaired wound healing, increased susceptibility to infections

61
Q

Signs of zinc toxicity

A

excesses may interfere with absorption of calcium and/or copper; acute toxicity may result in hemolytic anemia

62
Q

Function of copper

A

roles in erythropoiesis, coenzymes, hair pigmentation, reproduction, collagen and elastin synthesis, iron utilization

63
Q

Signs of copper deficiency

A

pica, stunted growth, diarrhea, depigmentation of hair, anemia, impaired bone growth

64
Q

Signs of copper toxicity

A

inherited disorder of metabolism in some breeds leads to liver damage

65
Q

Function of manganese

A

involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, formation of cartilage

66
Q

Signs of manganese deficiency

A

infertility, enlarged stiff joints, short brittle bones

67
Q

Signs of manganese toxicity

A

infertility, partial ablinism (rare)

68
Q

Function of iodine

A

required for thyroid hormone synthesis (involved in regulation of metabolism)

69
Q

Signs of iodine deficiency

A

hypothyroidism, goiter, alopecia, infertility, lethargy, myxedema

70
Q

Signs of iodine toxicity

A

excesses can also result in decreased thyroid function and signs similar to deficiency

71
Q

Other than a diet deficient in fatty acids, how may fatty acid deficiency develop?

A

inadequate antioxidants (such as vitamin E), resulting in rancidity; intestinal malabsorption, pancreatic disease, chronic hepatic disease

72
Q

What cutaneous changes can occur with fatty acid deficiency?

A

abnormal keratinization –> epidermal hyperplasia, hypergranulosis, orthokeratotic or parakeratotic hyperkeratosis

73
Q

Why does abnormal keratinization occur with fatty acid deficiency?

A

arachidonic acid deficiency –> prostaglandin E2 deficiency -> aberrations in the ratios of epidermal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and in DNA synthesis

74
Q

Why do cats require a dietary source of preformed retinol?

A

unable to synthesize it from its precursor, beta-carotene

75
Q

Cats fed diets high in red tuna or other PUFA-rich foods, without receiving vitamin E supplements may develop what?

A

pansteatitis; lipid peroxidation –> necrosis and inflammation of subcutaneous and intraabdominal fat; lesions include firm, painful nodules in affected tisues

76
Q

ceroid

A

product of lipid peroxidation

77
Q

Syndrome I zinc-responsive dermatosis primarily occurs in what breeds?

A

Alaskan malamutes and Siberian huskies

78
Q

What adverse effects have been reported with IV administration of zinc sulfate?

A

cardiac arrhythmias can occur if the drug is administered too fast

79
Q

What adjunctive therapies can help with zinc absorption?

A

phytase – enhances the bioavailability of zinc by hydrolyzing phytates present in foods; low-dose corticosteroids– increase zinc absorption from the GI tract by induction of metallothionein

80
Q

Syndrome II zinc-responsive dermatosis occurs in what situations?

A

rapidly growing puppies or young adult dogs that are fed zinc-deficient diets, diets high in phytates or minerals such as calcium or iron (interfere with zinc absoprtion), diet oversupplemented with other minerals and vitamins

81
Q

Histopathological findings of zinc-responsive dermatosis

A

hyperplastic superficial perivascular dermatitis–eos and lymphocytes, marked diffuse and follicular parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, spongiosis

Vet Derm Review (44 decks)

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