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Vet Derm Review > Croatia - Immunology > Flashcards

Croatia - Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What cytokine(s) do CD4+ Th1 lymphocytes produce?

A
  • IFN-gamma
  • IL-2
  • TNF-alpha
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2
Q

What cytokine(s) do CD4+ Th17 lymphocytes produce?

A
  • IL-17 (A&F)
  • IL-21
  • IL-22
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3
Q

What cytokine(s) do CD4+ Th2 lymphocytes produce?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13

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4
Q

What cytokine(s) do CD4+ regulatory T cells produce?

A

IL-10
TGF-beta
IL-35

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5
Q

What cytokine(s) do(es) Th1 cells produce?

A

IFN-gamma
IL-2
TNF-alpha

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6
Q

What is the the primary target of Th1 lymphocytes?

A

cell-mediated/cyotoxic responses against viruses or intracellular pathogens

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7
Q

Against which type of pathogens are Th2 lymphocytes particularly effective?

A

extracellular pathogens (large pathogens), helps to stimulate antibody responses

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8
Q

Against which type of pathogens are Th17 lymphocytes particularly effective?

A

fungi

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9
Q

What is the function of T-reg cells?

A

switches off responses that are no longer required, maintains tolerance

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10
Q

What cells do Th2 lymphocytes stimulate? Through what cytokine(s)?

A

B cells

IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13

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11
Q

Why are some dogs more susceptible to intracellular pathogens such as leishmania based on their immune system function?

A

A more susceptible dog may have a Th2 mediated response, and since antibodies can’t get inside the macrophage where the organism is. Animals who appropriately activate a Th1 response will be able to kill the organisms.

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12
Q

What type of lymphocytes are primarily involved in the pathogenesis of allergy?

A

Th2 lymphocytes –> stimulate B lymphocytes –> become plasma cells –> secrete IgE

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13
Q

What cytokine produced by Th2 lymphocytes is chemotactic for eosinophils?

A

IL-5

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14
Q

What cytokine(s) produced by Th2 lymphocytes is/are important in B cell stimulation?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13

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15
Q

What are components of the innate immunity of the skin?

A
  • dry environment
  • keratin
  • microflora
  • epidermal barrier
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • secretions: enzymes, lipids, polyreactive IgA, complement
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16
Q

What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns?

A

highly conserved microbial structures – not easily altered by microbes to avoid detection
e.g. sugars, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid motifs

17
Q

What type of antigenic molecules do dendritic cells recognize? Via what receptors?

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns
microorganism-associated molecular patterns
damage-associated molecular patterns
VIA pattern recognition receptors (toll-like receptors)

18
Q

What are NOD-like receptors?

A

nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors

intracytoplasmic toll-like receptors of dendritic cells
activates caspase-1
converts prol-IL-1beta to active IL-1beta (proinflammatory)

19
Q

What are the three signals required for activation of a naive Th0 lymphocyte?

A

1) recognition of antigenic peptide-MHC II complex by the T-cell receptor/recognition of MHC II by the T cell CD4 molecule
2) other surface interactions
3) cytokines produced by the APC binding to receptors on the T cell membrane

20
Q

What cytokine produced by Th2 helper cells is chemotactic for mast cells?

A

IL-4

21
Q

What is the mechanism for which exposure to parasites can be protective for development of allergy?

A

increases the production of T regulatory cells

22
Q

T/F: Immune complex formation is a normal mechanism for antigen clearance from the body.

A

True

23
Q

What are possible reasons that a serology test could give a false negative?

A
  • test sensitivity was too low to detect antibody
  • antibody response has been suppressed or not yet developed (neonatal, immunodeficient, immunosuppressed)
  • testing too soon after antigen exposure
24
Q

What are possible reasons that a serology test could give a false positive?

A
  • exposure to a cross-reactive antigen or vaccine
  • persistent antibody post exposure
  • technical problem with assay
25
Q

T/F: Normal animals can have a positive ANA.

A

True (should be a low titer) – due to physiologic autoantibodies trying to clean up cellular debris

26
Q

What is a typical ANA result for an animal with SLE?

A

Should be a high titer

27
Q

T/F: SLE is the only autoimmune condition with a positive ANA.

A

False - low-titred ANA common in many chronic inflammatory, infectious & neoplastic diseases; SLE should have a high titer
-30-50% of dogs with autoimmune diseases such as AIHA, IMPA, PF may have a high-titered ANA

28
Q

What is different between the IgE measured in a serology test vs. an IDAT?

A

IDAT measures mast-cell bound IgE at the tissue of interest, serology measures circulating allergen-specific IgE

29
Q

What does IL-4 do? What cell(s) produce it?

A

Th2 cells & mast cells produce

  • stimulates B cell growth and differentiation: enhances IgG and IgE responses, promotes MHC II expression
  • activates mast cells
  • activates macrophages (alternative - M2 - activation)
  • suppresses Th17 cells
  • suppresses Th1 activation (antagonized IFN-gamma and IL-2)
30
Q

What does IL-13 do? What cell(s) produce it?

A

Th2 cells produce

  • stimulates B cell growth
  • suppresses macrophage functions
  • similar function to IL-4 because its receptor shares a common alpha chain with the IL-4R
  • required for optimal induction of IgE
31
Q

What does IL-5 do? What cell(s) produce it?

A

Th2 cells & mast cells produce

  • stimulates B cell growth
  • promotes differentiation of activated B cells into plasma cells
  • stimulates IgM and IgG production
  • enhances IL-4-induced IgE production
  • stimulates IgA production in mucosal B cells
  • mobilizes and activates eosinophils
32
Q

What does IL-9 do? What cell(s) produce it?

A

Th2 cells produce

-T-cell growth factor

33
Q

What are the functions of Th17 cells?

A
  • mediate inflammation

- B-cell helpers

34
Q

What does IL-17 do? What cell(s) produce it?

A

Th17 cells produce

  • protective response to extracellular bacteria
  • assist in clearance of fungi
  • recruits granulocytes
  • stimulates production of GM-CSF => neutrophilia
  • promotes recruitment and survival of macrophages
  • stimulates production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha) and antibacterial peptides from many cell types
35
Q

What is the function of IFN-gamma?

A

has some antiviral activity

  • activates cells through the JAK-STAT pathway
  • promotes macrophage activation
  • suppresses Th2 cells
  • enhances NK cell activity
36
Q

What cells produce IFN-gamma?

A

Th1 cells
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
NK cells
(lesser amounts from antigen-presenting cells, B cells, and natural killer T cells)

37
Q

What cell(s) produce IL-2?

A

CD4+ Th1 cells

-some also produced by CD8+ T cells, NK T cells, dendritic cells, mast cells

38
Q

What is the function of IL-2?

A
  • potent stimulator of T cell proliferation
  • stimulates IFN-gamma production
  • stimulates antibody production by B cells
  • enhances cytotoxicity of CD8+ and NK cells
  • promotes T cell differentiation into Th1 and Th2 subset
  • inhibits Th17 differentiation
  • activates macrophages: induces TNF production, enhances IFN-gamma activation

Vet Derm Review (44 decks)

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