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Vet Derm Review > Miscellaneous Infections > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F: Dogs do not produce Toxoplasma gondii oocysts but they can mechanically transmit oocysts after they ingest feline feces.

A

TRUE

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2
Q

What does the serologic assay detect in cases of Neosporosis: antibody or antigen?

A

antibody

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3
Q

What is a potential complication of long-term treatment with allopurinol for Leishmaniosis?

A

xanthine urolithiasis

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of miltefosine against Leishmania spp.?

A

activates proteases in Leishmania spp. and causes apoptotic death of the parasite

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5
Q

Mode of transmission of Protothecosis

A

cutaneous inoculation of organisms into tissues; systemic invasion in the face of immunosuppression from organisms ingested or colonize the intestinal tract

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6
Q

What breed(s) of dog is predisposed to Protothecosis?

A

Boxers and Collies

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7
Q

What type of immunity is needed to successfully clear Leishmania spp.?

A

Th1-cell-mediated immune response; production of cytokes such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha activate macrophages to destroy amastigotes through nitric-oxide mediated mechanisms

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8
Q

Histopathological findings with Toxoplasmosis

A

Pyogranulomatou inflammation with necrosis - T. gondii tachyzoites or bradyzoites may be detected - DNA can be amplified from tissue

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9
Q

What breed of dog has been reported to have Leishmaniosis in the United States?

A

Foxhound

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10
Q

How do Prototheca spp. reproduce?

A

endosporulation

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11
Q

Treatment of choice for Neosporosis

A

Clindamycin, other reported treatments include TMS, pyrimethamine, ponazuril

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12
Q

What prevention strategies are recommended for Leishmaniosis?

A

use of ectoparasiticides that repel sandflies (such as permethrins); keeping animals indoors from dusk to dawn (when sandflies feed); dopamine-based oral suspension Leisguard –> activates phagocytic cells and enhances intracellular killing of the parasite; vaccination with purified excreted-secreted proteins of Leishmania infantum (CaniLeish)

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13
Q

Mechanism of action of amphotericin B against Leishmania spp.?

A

binds to ergosterol in the protozoal membrane and blocks the ability of Leishmania spp. to enter macrophages

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14
Q

Two major life cycle forms of Leishmania

A

promastigote and amastigote

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15
Q

Causative organism of Leishmaniosis

A

Leishmania infantum (major); Leishmania braziliensis (American tegumentary leishmaniosis)

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16
Q

Diagnostic approach for Toxoplasmosis

A

Demonstration of serum antibodies that suggest exposure to Toxoplasma gondii; IgM titer higher than 1:64 or a 4-fold or greater rise in IgG titer - suggest recent or active infection; Clinical signs of disease consistent with toxoplasmosis; Exclusion of other common causes of the clinical syndrome; positive response to appropriate treatment

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17
Q

Why might an animal have a false negative serologic test for Leishmania spp.?

A

may reflect delayed seroconversion in some animals - which can take several months to occur

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18
Q

What is the primary reservoir for Leishmania infantum?

A

dogs

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19
Q

Diagnostics available for leishmaniosis

A

1) Cytology of affected lesions – identification of Leishmania amastigotes is diagnostic; 2) Histopathology of affected lesions; 3) Serology (immunofluorescent antibody); 4) PCR; 5) Culture

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20
Q

T/F: Neospora caninum poses a serious human health risk.

A

False - DNA of N. caninum has never been found in humans

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21
Q

Major Clinical signs associated with Leishmaniosis

A

Weight loss, anorexia, scaling and/or ulcerative cutaneous lesions, onchogryphosis, fever, keratoconjunctivitis, uveitis, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, pallor, lameness, renal failure

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22
Q

What are the possible outcomes after infection with Leishmania?

A

1) complete elimination of infection, 2) subclinical infection, 3) severe, life-threatening disease

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23
Q

Treatment options for Toxoplasmosis

A

Clindamycin, TMS, Azithromycin, Ponazuril

24
Q

T/F: Positive serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii indicate active infection.

A

True - it is likely that most animals harbor tissue cysts for life

25
Q

Describe the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii

A

Cats ingest bradyzoite cysts in tissues of prey –> bradyzoites transform into merozoites & undergo schizogony in GI tract –> produces a zygote –> shed as an unsporulated oocyst in the feces –> sporulation occurs within 1-5 days; Sporozoites penetrate intestinal cells and transform into tachyzoites

26
Q

What is the characteristic morphologic form of Prototheca spp.?

A

morula – internal septation os spherules into multiple endospores results in a wheel-like or daisy-like appearance

27
Q

Why might an animal have a false positive imunofluorescent antibody test for Leishmania spp.?

A

cross-reaction with antibodies to Trypanosoma spp. or previous vaccination for Leishmania

28
Q

Where is the promastigote of Leishmania found?

A

gut of the sandfly vector

29
Q

What is the clinical lesion associated with American tegumentary leishmaniosis?

A

nodular skin lesion at the site of the sandfly bite

30
Q

Major Clinical signs associated with Toxoplasmosis?

A

cats: fever, ocular inflammation, ataxia, seizures, muscle pain, respiratory distress; dogs: similar signs but develop illness less frequently than cats

31
Q

What happens when cattle ingest sporulated oocysts of Neopsora caninum?

A

can lead to transplacental spread of tachyzoites and abortion

32
Q

Mechanism of action of allopurinol against Leishmania spp.?

A

interferes with protein synthesis by Leishmania spp.

33
Q

Major Clinical signs associated with Protothecosis?

A

cutaneous nodules or masses; systemic illness with weight loss, blindness (ocular involvement), PU/PD, hematochezia***, vomiting, lameness, neurologic signs

34
Q

Mode of transmission of Neospora caninum

A

dogs can be infected transplacentally or through transmammary route; postnatally, dogs may be infected after they ingest infected tissues of intermediate hosts or bovine fetal membranes

35
Q

What is the causative agent of Protothecosis?

A

Prototheca spp. - Prototheca wickerhamii has been isolated from cutaneous infections, unicellular algae – lack chlorophyll, dependent on a saprophytic lifestyle

36
Q

Geographic distribution of Leishmaniosis

A

primarily southern Europe, Middle East, Central and South America; some parts of the USA

37
Q

What breed of dog is resistant to clinical disease of Leishmaniosis?

A

Ibizan hound

38
Q

Skin lesions associated with leishmaniosis

A

scaling, crusting, hyperkeratosis, alopecia, erythema, cutaneous ulceration - most often occurs on limbs, pinnae, muzzle, periocular region

39
Q

Only cats can complete the sexual phase of what parasite in their intestinal tract, resulting in passage of oocysts in the feces?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

40
Q

Major Clinical signs associated with Neosporosis?

A

Ascending paralysis, muscle atrophy, neurologic (cerebellar) signs, nodular dermatitis, respiratory distress

41
Q

Histopathological findings with Neosporosis

A

pyogranulomatous inflammation and tachyzoites

42
Q

Cytological characteristics of Prototheca spp.

A

pyogranulomatous to granulomatous inflammation with numerous intracellular spherules that are round, oval, or polyhedral (nonbudding)

43
Q

Describe the life cycle of Neospora caninum

A

Dogs become infected when they ingest tissue cysts in bovine placental material –> bradyzoites are released in intestine –> transform into merozoites –> zygote forms and is shed in feces as unsporulated oocyst –> organisms can also penetrate the dog’s intestinal tract and form tissue cysts (reactivation of these cysts in pregnancy can result in repeated transplacental transmission to fetus)

44
Q

Describe the life cycle of Leishmania infantum

A

Animal is bitten by an infected sandfly –> promastigotes are inoculated into dermis and penetrate macrophages –> within the macrophage, they transform into amastigotes and replicate within a phagolysosome –> macrophage ruptures and new macrophages are infected –> infected macrophages disseminate via regional lymphatics and blood to infect reticuloendothelial system –> amastigotes are ingested by female sandfly during feeding and convert back to promastigotes –> replication completes the life cycle

45
Q

Cytological characteristics of Neospora caninum

A

tachyzoites can be visualized in aspirates of skin lesions – 6x1 um and oval to crescent-shaped

46
Q

vectors for transmission of Leishmaniosis

A

Phlebotomus (Old World) and Lutzomyia (New World) sandflies

47
Q

What is the primary reservoir for Leishmania donovani?

A

humans

48
Q

Treatment of choice for Leishmaniosis

A

Combination of meglumine antimoniate (for 4 weeks) and allopurinol until clinical signs have resolved and quantitative serology becomes negative

49
Q

What are treatment options for Leishmania spp. besides meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol (treatment of choice)?

A

miltefosine; amphotericin B; ketoconazole; aminosidine (aminoglycoside); marbofloxacin

50
Q

What is the definitive host of Neospora caninum?

A

domestic dogs and wild canids (coyotes, dingos, wolves)

51
Q

Meglumine antimoniate is derived from what substance?

A

antimony

52
Q

Treatment of choice for Protothecosis

A

surgical excision, amphotericin B and itraconazole, alternative drugs include aminoglycosides or tetracyclines

53
Q

T/F: Cats are relatively resistant to leishmaniosis.

A

TRUE

54
Q

Mechanism of action of meglumine antimoniate against Leishmania spp.?

A

inhibit protozoal enzymes and damage protozoal DNA

55
Q

Histopathological findings with Leishmaniosis

A

orthokeratotic to parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, ulceration, granulomatous to pyogranulomatous inflammation with variable numbers of intrahistiocytic amastigotes; destruction of the sebaceous glands in 45% of cases; variety of inflammatory patterns - most common are granulomatous perifolliculitis, superficial and deep perivascular dermatitis, interstitial dermatitis

56
Q

Geographic distribution of Protothecosis

A

worldwide except Antartica, esp. in warm, humid climates and where there is organic matter with high water content

57
Q

Histopathological findings with Protothecosis

A

nodular to diffuse, pyogranulomatous to granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis with numerous fungal elements

Vet Derm Review (44 decks)

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