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Vet Derm Review > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the only heritable cancer syndrome that has been described in domestic dogs?

A

Mutation in the BHD gene encoding folliculin (tumor suppressor gene) –> renal cystadenoma & dermatofibrosis

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2
Q

What is the pathomechanism of positron emission tomography in imaging cancer?

A

almost all tumor upregulate the glucose transporter (GLUT-1), making the cells efficient glucose scavengers –> give a radiolabeled analog of glucose (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose) –> allows imaging of tumor cells (when combined with CT scan)

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3
Q

What portion of the UV spectrum is most likely to be responsible for nonmelanotic skin lesions?

A

UVB – range of 280-320 nm

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4
Q

How can cumulative long-term exposure to UVB induce skin tumors?

A

1) Directly through genetic mutations - including mutations in p53, 2) Indirectly by impairing the response of the immune system to tumor antigens

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5
Q

What papillomavirus is associated with oral papillomas?

A

CPV-1

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6
Q

What papillomavirus is associated with cutaneous papillomas and cutaneous pigmented plaques?

A

CPV-2 and CPV-6

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7
Q

What IHC marker is used to identify papillomaviruses?

A

p16 protein

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8
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of papillomavirus infection

A

Virus gains entry to basal layer keratinocytes –> Virus undergoes dissambley and early (E) proteins enter the nulceus and produce copies of viral DNA –> forces the infected cells to divide –> as the cells progress to the surface, they express the late gene (L), which forms the capsid of the virus –> virus released into the sloughing epithelial cells

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9
Q

What portion of the papillomavirus is an oncoprotein?

A

E protein - prevent infected cells from leaving the cell cycle

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10
Q

What is the antigen used in the papillomavirus vaccine?

A

L1 capsid protein of CPV-1

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11
Q

What are the papillomaviruses reported in the cat?

A

FcaPV-1, -2, -3

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12
Q

What is the causative agent of feline sarcoid?

A

bovine papillomavirus (BPV-14)

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13
Q

How do the clinical lesions of papillomavirus differ in the cat compared to the dog?

A

Plaques in the cat (vs warts in the dog), usually affect haired skin

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14
Q

What papillomavirus is associated with bowenoid in situ carcinomas?

A

FcaPV-2

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15
Q

What are the histologic features of feline fibropapilloma?

A

similar to equine sarcoid - characteristic fibroblastic proliferation, hyperplasia of epidermis, and rete ridges

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16
Q

What are the two most important envelope proteins in FeLV?

A

P15E and GP70; P15E is a mediator of immunosuppression, GP70 is a glycoprotein that contains three subgroup antigens

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17
Q

Antibodies produced against what portion of the FeLV can be neutralizing and thereby prevent infection?

A

envelope proteins

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18
Q

What is P27? What virus is it associated with?

A

core protein (capsid) of FeLV - found in large amounts in the cytoplasm of cells and bodily fluids

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19
Q

What is the antigen of FeLV that is detected in IFA tests and ELISAs?

A

P27 (capsid protein)

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20
Q

Which virus is the LEAST susceptible to dessication: papillomavirus, FeLV, FIV?

A

Papillomavirus (non-enveloped)

21
Q

Lymphomas in cats with FeLV are usually of what cell of origin: B or T cells?

A

T cells

22
Q

What is the only subgroup of FeLV that is transmitted contagiously between cats?

A

subgroup A - subgroup B is created when subgroup A recombines with endogenous FeLV envelopes at sequences already in the feline genome; Subgroup C arises from a mutation of subgroup A

23
Q

Cats that have Feline Sarcoma Virus always test positive for what other virus?

A

FeLV - FeSV results from the recombination of FeLV DNA provirus with cat proto-oncogenes

24
Q

T/F: Natural transmission of Feline Sarcoma Virus between cats has not been described.

A

TRUE

25
Q

What age of cat is more commonly affected by Feline Sarcoma Virus-induced tumors?

A

young cats

26
Q

T/F: Feline Immunodeficiency Virus is oncogenic.

A

False - it is immunosuppressive and can affect normal immunosurveillance of neoplastic cells

27
Q

What is interphase?

A

period of doubling of the genetic material of the cell (composed of G1, S, and G2)

28
Q

What are the four phases of the cell cycle?

A

M phase, G1, S phase, and G2

29
Q

What are the four phases of the M phase?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

30
Q

What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinases in the cell cycle?

A

mediate progression through the cell cycle; are enzymes that catalyze the addition of phosphate groups onto target substrates involved in DNA replication, protein synthesis, and cell division

31
Q

What is the role of p53 in the cell cycle?

A

negative regulator of the cell cycle - cell damage triggers p53 to either cause cell cycle arrest or apoptosis

32
Q

What are proto-oncogenes? Examples?

A

key genes involved in the control of cell growth and proliferation, mutations can lead to malignancy; growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear proteins and transcription factors

33
Q

How do mutations in proto-oncogenes lead to cancer?

A

“gas pedal” - allows cycle to continue without check

34
Q

How do mutations in tumor suppressor genes lead to cancer?

A

“brakes” - normal function is to inhibit growth and proliferation, without tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle can continue unchecked

35
Q

What are the top four tumor types of the skin and subcutaneous tissues in cats?

A

basal cell tumors, mast cell tumors, squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma

36
Q

What effect does the viral protein E7 (papillomavirus) have on the cell cycle?

A

inhibition of pRB (tumor suppressor gene) –> proliferation

37
Q

What effect does the viral protein E6 (papillomavirus) have on the cell cycle?

A

destabilizes p53 (tumor suppressor gene) –> proliferation

38
Q

Papillomavirus’ disruption of p53 can lead to increased levels of what protein that is detectable with IHC?

A

p16

39
Q

Cytological appearance of basal cell tumors

A

inflammatory cells, squamous cells, sebaceous epithelial cells, melanin, melanophages, fibroblasts, mast cells

40
Q

What is the clinical presentation of basal cell carcinoma in dogs?

A

plaques or nodules, often darkly pigmented

41
Q

Differences between squamous cell carcinoma in situ and actinic keratosis

A

SCC in situ can occur on both haired and unhaired skin (in areas w/ and w/o sun exposure); Actinic keratosis occurs in lightly haired skin with UV exposure, typically accompanied by solar elastosis and fibrosis of the skin

42
Q

What cat breeds are at DECREASED risk of SCC?

A

Siamese, Himalayan, Persian

43
Q

What breeds are at INCREASED risk for trichoblastoma?

A

poodles and setters

44
Q

Histological characteristics of trichoblastoma

A

differentiation to the hair germ of developing hair follicle

45
Q

Histological characteristics of trichoepithelioma

A

differentiation to all segments of the hair follicle; dermal in origin but can extend into subcutis

46
Q

What is the most common malignant tumor of the ear canal in both dogs and cats?

A

ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma

47
Q

What breeds are at INCREASED risk for ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma of the ear canal?

A

Cocker spaniels and GSD

48
Q

What is acrometastasis?

A

lung-digit syndrome – common in cats with primary pulmonary carcinomas

Vet Derm Review (44 decks)

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