SA Musculotendinous and Ligamentous Conditions Flashcards
What are ligament injuries known as?
Sprains
What are the three types of ligament injuries?
Type 1 - minimal tearing with some haemorrhage
Type 2 - partial tearing and stretching of fibres with haemorrhage
Type 3 - complete rupture or avulsion of attachment
What is the difference between valgus and varus of a limb?
Valgus - distal part deviates laterally
Varus - distal part deviates medially
List three types of treatment to collateral ligment injuries
Conservative management
Collateral ligament repair
Avulsion fracture
How would you treat a degloving/shearing open ligament injury?
Open wound management
Provide stabilisation
Collateral instability
Severe injury
Amputate
Salvage
Which breeds are predisposed to rupture of plantar/palmar ligaments?
Shetland sheepdog/collie
What are the main clinical signs of the rupture of plantar/palmar ligaments?
Plantigrade/palmigrade stance, lameness
What is the treatment of choice of the rupture of plantar/palmar ligaments?
Arthrodesis - partial or pan
What is the difference between a luxation and subluxation?
A luxation is a completes dislocation of a joint, a subluxation can be defined as a partial dislocation of a joint
Define ‘salvage procedure’
An operation that allows continuance of function of an animal without preservation of normal anatomy
Give four examples of salvage procedures
Arthrodesis
Amputation
Excision arthroplasty
Prosthetic surgery
What are the four surgical principles of arthrodesis?
Debride - debridement/remove cartilage
Angle - stabilisation at an appropriate angle for the joint
Graft - placement of cancellous bone graft
Immobilise - immobilisation of affected joint, preferably under compression
List three joints that cannot be arthrodesed.
Elbow
Stifle
Hip
List the three amputation levels possible for the thoracic limb and state which is the most commonly used.
Disarticulate shoulder
Proximal humerus
Remove whole limb plus scapula - MOST COMMON
List the three amputation levels possible for the pelvic limb and state which is the most commonly used.
Disarticulate hip
Proximal femur
Hemipelvectomy
What are tendon injuries called?
Strains
List four tendon characteristics that influence healing and repair
Avascular - poor blood supply, long healing time
Orientation of fibres - parallel to direction of strain
Scar adhesion formation - weak points that may interfere with function
Muscle contraction - complicates reapposition particularly with chronic injury
Which suture patterns do you need to use for tendons and why? Name three.
Suture patterns need to compensate for the longitudinal orientation of the collagen fibres by having horizontal components to maintain apposition.
Three loop pulley
Bunnell’s suture
Locking loop
What is the aetiopathogenesis of musculotendinous disruptions?
Sharp cut - laceration with skin injury
Rupture - closed injury
Avulsion - tendon attached to piece of bone that fractures off main bone
What are the clinical signs of a musculotendinous avulsion fracture?
Lameness and plantigrade stance
Claw foot
What is the pathogenesis of musculotendinous contracture?
Fibrosis of muscle secondary to ischaemia/inflammation
What is the treatment of musculotendinous contracture?
Resect fibrosed muscle
Cut tendon/tenectomy
Release contracted muscle and lengthen it
What is the aetiopathogenesis of musculotendinous displacement?
Trauma and rupture of the retinaculum
Tendonitis and inflammation of the tendon
Conformational abnormalities
What is the aetiopathogenesis of musculotendinous displacement?
Trauma and rupture of the retinaculum
Tendonitis and inflammation of the tendon
Conformational abnormalities
