SA Fracture 1

Question 1

List thre clinical signs that you may see with an unstable fracture

Answer 1

Deformity
Abnormal mobility
Crepitus

Question 2

What are the two main causes of equine fractures?

Answer 2

External trauma
Stress fractures

Question 3

Which breed is predisposed to humeral stress fractures?

Answer 3

Springer spaniels

Question 4

Which bones are racing greyhounds likely to break?

Answer 4

Accessory carpal bone
Central tarsal bone

Question 5

List two types of extrinsic causes of fractures

Answer 5

Direct trauma and indirect trauma

Question 6

List three intrinsic causes of fracture

Answer 6

Muscular
Pathological
Stress

Question 7

List three types of incomplete bony damage whena bone has been fractured.

Answer 7

Greenstick (bends rather than snaps)
Fissure
Depressed

Question 8

What are the three main types of fractures relating to the number and position of the fragments of the bone?

Answer 8

Simple
Comminuted
Segmental

Question 9

What are the three main directions of fracture lines in bones?

Answer 9

Transverse
Oblique
Spiral

Question 10

List four types of force that can fracture bones and which type of fracture they tend to produce

Answer 10

Compression force - oblique fracture
Tension/avulsion - transverse fracture
Torque - spiral fracture
Bending - butterfly

Question 11

List five locations in the bone that fractures can occur

Answer 11

Diaphyseal
Metaphyseal
Epiphyseal
Condylar
Articular

Question 12

How long after insult should you repair skull and spinal fractures?

Answer 12

Within 24 hours (neuro status dependant)

Question 13

How long after insult should you repair open fractures?

Answer 13

6 hours

Question 14

How long after insult should you repair articular fractures and dislocation fractures?

Answer 14

1-2 days

Question 15

How long after insult should you repair long bone fractures?

Answer 15

1-5 days

Question 16

What are the main aims to fracture management?

Answer 16

To create an optimal environment for fracture healing and return the patient to normal function as soon as possible

Question 17

List four consequnces of immobilisation of a bone after a fracture.

Answer 17

Joint stiffness
Muscle atrophy
Osteoporosis
Muscle contracture and fibrosis

Question 18

List the four main types of fracture fixation choices

Answer 18

Conservative management
External coaptation
External skeletal fixation
Internal fixation

Question 19

Which fractured bones are applicable for conservative management?

Answer 19

Flat bones/axial skeleton
Minimally displaced
Cancellous bone
Non-load bearing bones

Question 20

When is possible to use external coaptation on a fracture?

Answer 20

Fractures below the elbow/stifle
One bone only of a 2 bone area
Fractures with overlap >50%

Question 21

LIst four disadvanatges of non-surgical management of fractures

Answer 21

Fracture disease
Insufficient stability leading to a delayed/non-union
Cast sores
Malunion

Question 22

What are the most problematic forces that an implant must withstand during healing?

Answer 22

Roation and tension

Question 23

List two sites of harvest of cancellous bone grafts

Answer 23

Proximal lateral humerus
Iliac crest (cats)

Question 24

List 3 uses of cancellous bone grafts

Answer 24

Stimulate bony union in fracture repair
Arthrodesis
Delayed/non-union fractures