SA Fracture 1 Flashcards
List thre clinical signs that you may see with an unstable fracture
Deformity
Abnormal mobility
Crepitus
What are the two main causes of equine fractures?
External trauma
Stress fractures
Which breed is predisposed to humeral stress fractures?
Springer spaniels
Which bones are racing greyhounds likely to break?
Accessory carpal bone
Central tarsal bone
List two types of extrinsic causes of fractures
Direct trauma and indirect trauma
List three intrinsic causes of fracture
Muscular
Pathological
Stress
List three types of incomplete bony damage whena bone has been fractured.
Greenstick (bends rather than snaps)
Fissure
Depressed
What are the three main types of fractures relating to the number and position of the fragments of the bone?
Simple
Comminuted
Segmental
What are the three main directions of fracture lines in bones?
Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
List four types of force that can fracture bones and which type of fracture they tend to produce
Compression force - oblique fracture
Tension/avulsion - transverse fracture
Torque - spiral fracture
Bending - butterfly
List five locations in the bone that fractures can occur
Diaphyseal
Metaphyseal
Epiphyseal
Condylar
Articular
How long after insult should you repair skull and spinal fractures?
Within 24 hours (neuro status dependant)
How long after insult should you repair open fractures?
6 hours
How long after insult should you repair articular fractures and dislocation fractures?
1-2 days
How long after insult should you repair long bone fractures?
1-5 days
What are the main aims to fracture management?
To create an optimal environment for fracture healing and return the patient to normal function as soon as possible
List four consequnces of immobilisation of a bone after a fracture.
Joint stiffness
Muscle atrophy
Osteoporosis
Muscle contracture and fibrosis
List the four main types of fracture fixation choices
Conservative management
External coaptation
External skeletal fixation
Internal fixation
Which fractured bones are applicable for conservative management?
Flat bones/axial skeleton
Minimally displaced
Cancellous bone
Non-load bearing bones
When is possible to use external coaptation on a fracture?
Fractures below the elbow/stifle
One bone only of a 2 bone area
Fractures with overlap >50%
LIst four disadvanatges of non-surgical management of fractures
Fracture disease
Insufficient stability leading to a delayed/non-union
Cast sores
Malunion
What are the most problematic forces that an implant must withstand during healing?
Roation and tension
List two sites of harvest of cancellous bone grafts
Proximal lateral humerus
Iliac crest (cats)
List 3 uses of cancellous bone grafts
Stimulate bony union in fracture repair
Arthrodesis
Delayed/non-union fractures
