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Mycology and Virology > RNA VIRUSES > Flashcards

RNA VIRUSES Flashcards

1
Q

Classification of LCM, Lassa fever virus, Lujo virus, Machupo virus, Guanarito virus, Sabia virus, Chapare virus

A

Arenaviridae (smallest RNA, enveloped, spherical capsid; SS(-) RNA)

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2
Q

Classification of Astrovirus

A

Astroviridae (Naked, Star-like capsid SS(+))

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3
Q

Classification of Cardiovirus, Poliovirus, Coxsackie A virus, Coxsackie B virus, Parechovirus, Enterovirus, Hepatitis A virus, Rhinovirus

A

Picornaviridae (naked, icosahedral, Single stranded(+))

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4
Q

Classification of Hepatitis E virus

A

Hepeviridae (Naked, Icosahedral, SS(+))

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5
Q

Classification of Norovirus, Sapovirus

A

Caliciviridae (Naked, Icosahedral, SS(+))

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6
Q

Classification of Arbovirus, Yellow fever, Dengue virus, West Nile, Zika virus, Japanese B encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Hepatitis C virus

A

Flaviviridae (Enveloped, Icosahedral, SS(+))

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7
Q

Classification of Rubella virus, Alpha virus

A

Togaviridae (Enveloped, Icosahedral, SS(+))

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8
Q

Classification of Rotavirus, Colorado tick fever

A

Reoviridae (Naked, Icosahedral, Rota/wheel-shaped, DS)

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9
Q

Classification of Influenza viruses

A

Orthomyxoviridae (Enveloped, Spherical, SS(-))

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10
Q

Classification of Hantavirus, Rin nombre virus

A

Hantaviridae (Enveloped, Spherical, SS(-))

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11
Q

Classification of HIV 1 & 2, HTLV 1 & 2

A

Retroviridae (Enveloped, Icosahedral, SS(+))

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12
Q

Classification of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2

A

Coronaviridae (Enveloped, Helical, Crown-shaped, SS(+))

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13
Q

Classification of Rabies virus

A

Rhabdoviridae (Enveloped, Helical, Bullet-shaped, SS(-))

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14
Q

Classification of Marburg virus, Ebola virus

A

Filovirus (Enveloped, Complex, SS(-))

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15
Q

Classification of Mumps, Measles, Parainfluenza, RSV, Metapneumovirus

A

Paramyxoviridae (Largest RNA, Enveloped, Spherical, SS(-))

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16
Q

All RNA viruses are single-stranded except

A

Reoviridae

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17
Q

Which viruses replicate in the cytoplasm?

A

All RNA viruses except Retroviridae and Orthomyxoviridae

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18
Q

Smallest RNA virus

A

Arenaviridae (7-10nm)

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19
Q

Smallest Picornaviridae size

A

~30nm

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20
Q

LCM

A

LCM virus

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21
Q

Lassa fever

A

Lassa fever virus

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22
Q

Lujo hemorrhagic fever

A

Lujo virus

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23
Q

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever

A

Machupo virus

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24
Q

Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever

A

Guanarito virus

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25
Q

Brazilian hemorrhagic fever

A

Sabia virus

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26
Q

Chapare hemorrhagic fever

A

Chapare virus

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27
Q

Myocarditis, encephalitis, Type 1 DM

A

Cardiovirus

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28
Q

Poliomyelitis, Acute flaccid myelitis

A

Poliovirus

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29
Q

Herpangina

A

Coxsackie A virus

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30
Q

Pleurodynia

A

Coxsackie B virus

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31
Q

Diarrhea, aseptic meningitis

A

Parechovirus

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32
Q

Aseptic meningitis, pneumonia

A

Enterovirus

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33
Q

Infectious/Short incubation Hepatitis

A

Hepatitis A virus

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34
Q

Common colds

A

Rhinovirus

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35
Q

Hepatitis E

A

Hepatitis E virus

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36
Q

RNA virus that causes gastroenteritis

A

Norovirus, Astrovirus, Sapovirus, Rotavirus

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37
Q

Encephalitis

A

Arbovirus

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38
Q

Yellow fever

A

Yellow fever virus

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39
Q

Dengue fever

A

Dengue virus

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40
Q

Zika fever

A

Zika virus

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41
Q

Encephalitis

A

Japanese B encephalitis

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42
Q

Encephalitis

A

St. Louis encephalitis

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43
Q

Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis

A

Hepatitis C virus

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44
Q

German measles/Atypical scarlet fever

A

Rubella virus

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45
Q

Fever, arthralgia, encephalitis (Chikungunya, O’nyong nyong virus; Eastern, Western, Venezuelan equine encephalitis)

A

Alpha virus

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46
Q

Tick fever

A

Colorado tick fever

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47
Q

Flu

A

Influenza viruses

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48
Q

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

A

Hantavirus (rodents)

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49
Q

Respiratory infections

A

Sin nombre virus

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50
Q

AIDS

A

HIV 1 & 2

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51
Q

Adult T cell leukemia/Lymphoma

A

HTLV 1 & 2

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52
Q

Respiratory infections

A

SARS-CoV

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53
Q

Respiratory infections

A

MERS-CoV

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54
Q

Respiratory infections

A

SARS-CoV-2

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55
Q

Seizure, Hallucinations, Paralysis

A

Rabies virus

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56
Q

Hemorrhagic fever

A

Ebola virus,Marburg virus

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57
Q

Parotitis (Orchitis, Oophoritis)

A

Mumps

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58
Q

Fever, Skin rashes, Pneumonia

A

Measles

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59
Q

Croup, Pneumonia

A

Parainfluenza

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60
Q

Croup, Bronchiolitis

A

RSV

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61
Q

Bronchiolitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia

A

Metapneumovirus

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62
Q

Arenaviridae Old World viruses

A

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV - BSL3), Lassa fever virus (BSL4 - shock, respiratory distress, hemorrhage, death), Lujo virus (hemorrhagic fever)

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63
Q

Arenaviridae New World viruses

A

Chapare, Guanarito, Junin, Machupo, Sabia, Whitewater Arroyo viruses (hemorrhagic fevers)

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64
Q

Astroviridae characteristics

A

Star-like surface structure, Gastroenteritis (Pediatric, military troops, nursing homes, immunocompromised)

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65
Q

Best lab test for detection of Astroviridae

A

Electron microscopy

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66
Q

Human caliciviruses (HuCVs), formerly norwalk-like and safford-like virus

A

Caliciviridae

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67
Q

Outbreaks occur in semi-closed environments (e.g., cruise ships, nursing homes, schools); The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, affecting all age groups

A

Norovirus

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68
Q

Causes gastroenteritis in infants and toddlers, similar to astrovirus.

A

Sapovirus

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69
Q

Crown-like surface projections. Winter outbreaks, with 55% of common colds caused by rhinovirus and coronavirus.

A

Coronaviridae

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70
Q

SARS-CoV originates from bats → civet cat → human.

A

Beta coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

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71
Q

MERS-CoV originates from bats → camel → human.

A

Beta coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

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72
Q

Originated from bats → armadillo (?) → human. Mode of transmission: contaminated respiratory secretions and aerosols. Receptor: ACE-2 paired with TRMPSS2. Incubation period: 2-14 days. Initial symptoms include headache, fever, body ache, shortness of breath, and loss of taste/smell.

A

SARS-CoV-2 (n-CoV-2019)

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73
Q

SARS-CoV-2 variant that is more transmissible in hospitals and more severe than original strain

A

Alpha variant

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74
Q

SARS-CoV-2 variant that is more transmissible and causes more hospitalization than the original strain

A

Beta variant

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75
Q

SARS-CoV-2 variant that causes the most severe respiratory symptoms and hospitalizations

A

Delta variant

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76
Q

SARS-CoV-2 variant with mutations in the spike protein, more transmissible than the Delta variant but less severe

A

Omicron variant

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77
Q

Specimen types for SARS-CoV-2 testing

A

NPS/OPS, Sputum, Saliva, Nasal swab, Bronchial washing, NPS aspirate

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78
Q

Biochemical markers for SARS-CoV-2 testing

A

Inflammation: CRP, IL-6, IFN-Y, high LDH, AST, D-dimer

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79
Q

RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2: Multiplex Real-time RT-PCR; Ct value is interpreted and reported a:

A

SARS-CoV-2 virus detected or not detected)

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80
Q

Culture media for SARS-CoV-2

A

Vero-CCL81 or Vero-E6 cell line; CPE: Rapid cell rounding, refractivity, and detachment

81
Q

Initially used treatments for SARS-CoV-2

A

Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine (Terminated due to life-threatening toxicities)

82
Q

Inhibits viral RNA synthesis

A

Remdesivir

83
Q

Human monoclonal antibody to Interleukin-6 SARS-CoV-2 treatment

A

Tocilizumab

84
Q

For SARS-CoV-2 from donors with no COVID-19 symptoms and negative for RT-PCR for at least 14 days

A

Convalescent plasma

85
Q

FDA-approved COVID-19 drugs

A

Casirivimab + Imdevimab, Molnupiravir, Nirmatrelvir + Ritonavir (Paxlovid)

86
Q

Prevention of SARS-COV-2 variant

A

Immunization

87
Q

Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna method of immunity

A

Modified nucleoside

88
Q

AstraZeneca, Janssen, Sputnik V method of immunity

A

Recombinant

89
Q

CoronaVac, Covaxin, Sinopharm method of immunity

A

Inactivated

90
Q

Covovax method of immunity

A

Protein nanoparticle

91
Q

Filoviridae characteristics

A

Filamentous, pleomorphic, long rod-like

92
Q

Filoviridae viruses

A

Marburg, Ebolavirus (Zaire, Sudan, Bundibugyo, Reston, Tai Forest)

93
Q

Ebolavirus exceptions and mortality

A

Reston (nonhuman primates only), >80% mortality

94
Q

Ebolavirus transmission

A

Contact with infected primate

95
Q

Filoviridae tests

A

RT-PCR, Cell culture (BSL4)

96
Q

Yellow fever virus reservoirs

A

Monkeys (jungle), Humans (urban)

97
Q

Yellow fever vector

A

Aedes aegypti

98
Q

Yellow fever symptoms

A

Jaundice, black vomit, melena, ecchymoses

99
Q

Dengue fever symptoms

A

Fever, Breakbone fever, Hemorrhagic fever

100
Q

Dengue virus vectors

A

Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus

101
Q

Dengue virus incubation

102
Q

Dengue virus tests

A

CBC, NS1 ELISA, Dengue Duo, PRNT (RITM confirms serotypes)

103
Q

West Nile virus reservoir and vector

A

Birds (reservoir), Mosquito (vector)

104
Q

West Nile transmission

A

Blood, tissue, breast milk

105
Q

West Nile symptoms

A

Fever, encephalitis, meningitis

106
Q

Zika virus associations

A

Neuropathy, Guillain-Barre, microencephaly

107
Q

Zika virus transmission

A

Mother-fetus, sexual, blood transfusion, organ transplant

108
Q

Zika virus tests

A

<7 days: NAAT; >7 days: IgM ELISA

109
Q

Hepatitis C virus

A

Hepatitis, subclinical

110
Q

Hantaviridae previous classification

A

Bunyaviridae

111
Q

Hantaviridae transmission

A

Rodent-borne, aerosols from excreta (vacuuming, sweeping, shaking rugs)

112
Q

Sin nombre virus host and disease

A

Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

113
Q

Bayou virus carrier

114
Q

Black Creek Canal virus carrier

A

Cotton rat

115
Q

New York-1 virus carrier

A

White-footed mouse

116
Q

Orthomyxoviridae genome

A

Segmented genome

117
Q

Proteins distinguishing Influenza A, B, C

A

Matrix (M), Nucleoprotein (NP)

118
Q

Proteins for Influenza A subdivision

A

Hemagglutinin (HA), Neuraminidase (NA)

119
Q

Influenza A infections

A

Humans, Birds, Seals, Cats, Horses, Swine

120
Q

Influenza B and C infections

A

Humans only

121
Q

Influenza A continuous antigenic changes subtype H1N1

A

Spanish flu/Swine flu

122
Q

Influenza A subtype H2N2

123
Q

Influenza A subtype H3N2

A

Hongkong flu

124
Q

Influenza A subtype H5N1

A

Avian/Bird’s flu

125
Q

Influenza A subtype H7N9

A

Avian flu (poultries) in China

126
Q

Influenza B severity

A

Common, mild

127
Q

Influenza C severity

A

Less common, mild form

128
Q

Coinfection with Influenza A

A

MRSA secondary infection

129
Q

Specimens for Influenza testing

A

Nasopharyngeal swab, washes, or aspirate

130
Q

Tests for Influenza

A

Immunoassay, NAAT, Cell culture (PMK, MDCK cell lines)

131
Q

Gold standard for respiratory virus identification

132
Q

Test for antigenic characterization of Influenza viruses

A

Hemagglutination-Inhibition test

133
Q

Most common viral respiratory agent in children

134
Q

Upper respiratory agent in children

A

Parainfluenza

135
Q

Paramyxoviridae genome

A

Non-segmented (not prone to antigenic changes)

136
Q

Cause of croup in children

A

Parainfluenza virus

137
Q

Parainfluenza 1 most common disease

138
Q

Parainfluenza 3 in children

A

Severe disease and fatalities

139
Q

Parainfluenza 4 unique feature

A

Does not cause croup

140
Q

Tests for Paramyxoviridae viruses

A

NAAT, cell culture confirmed by IFA or DFA

141
Q

Mumps virus hallmark symptoms

A

High fever, fatigue, inflamed parotid gland

142
Q

Complications of mumps virus

A

Meningoencephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, polyarthritis, pancreatitis

143
Q

Specimens for mumps testing

A

Oral fluid, CSF, saliva, throat swab, urine

144
Q

Measles hallmark feature

A

Koplik spots

145
Q

Measles rash progression

A

Forehead > behind ears > trunk > arms > legs

146
Q

Complications of measles

A

Congenital malformations, encephalomyelitis, SSPE

147
Q

Prevention for measles and mumps

A

MMR vaccine

148
Q

Picornaviridae size

A

One of the smallest relevant to humans

149
Q

Enteroviruses diseases

A

Aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, pericarditis

150
Q

Specimens for enterovirus testing

A

Stool, rectal swabs, NPS/OPS, CSF, serum, conjunctival swabs, tears

151
Q

Enteroviruses transmission

A

Respiratory, fecal-oral

152
Q

Poliovirus complications

A

Poliomyelitis, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)

153
Q

Poliovirus prevention

A

SALK (inactivated) or SABIN (live-attenuated) vaccines

154
Q

Foot and mouth disease cause

A

Apthovirus (present in bovines or cattle)

155
Q

Parecho virus former name

A

Echo virus (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan)

156
Q

Parecho virus diseases

A

Mild gastrointestinal and respiratory illness, meningitis, neonatal sepsis in children

157
Q

Rhinovirus characteristic

A

Acid sensitive

158
Q

Rhinovirus disease

A

Common colds (self-limiting)

159
Q

Specimen for Rhinovirus

A

Nasal secretions

160
Q

Acidification of sample distinguishes Rhinovirus from

A

Acid-stable enterovirus

161
Q

Viral gastroenteritis in children causative agents

A

Norovirus, Sapovirus, Astrovirus, Rotavirus

162
Q

Viral gastroenteritis in adults causative agent

163
Q

Reoviridae characteristics

A

Respiratory enteric orphan viruses

164
Q

Rotavirus structure

A

Outer shell, inner shell, core (wheel-like appearance)

165
Q

Rotavirus major disease

A

Severe infantile gastroenteritis (6 months to 3 years old)

166
Q

Suspected airborne Rotavirus outbreaks

A

Nursing home, hospital, day care centers

167
Q

Tests for Rotavirus

A

ELISA, Latex agglutination, RT-PCR

168
Q

Most significant cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children <5 years old

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

169
Q

Hallmark of RSV

A

F (fusion) protein mediating host cell fusion into syncytial cells

170
Q

RSV associated disease

A

Bronchiolitis

171
Q

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) diseases

A

Bronchiolitis, pneumonia in infants, lower respiratory infection in older adults

172
Q

Ranking of HMPV in pediatric hospitalization for LRTIs

A

2nd or 3rd most common

173
Q

Tests for HMPV

A

NAAT (gold standard), cell culture, rapid antigen test kits

174
Q

TAX gene association in HTLV-1

A

Causes T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and myelopathy/tropical spastic paresis

175
Q

Difference between HIV-1 and HIV-2

A

HIV-1: more aggressive, causes HIV pandemic; HIV-2: mostly in Africa

176
Q

Targets of HIV

A

CD4+ (CXCR4) T lymphocytes, CCR5+ Monocytes/Macrophages

177
Q

Leading causes of HIV infection (highest to lowest)

A

MSM > Heterosexual contact > IV drug use > Vertical transmission

178
Q

Common coinfections with HIV

A

MAC, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Candida, Cryptococcus, Kaposi-sarcoma, etc.

179
Q

Normal CD4 to CD8 ratio

A

2:1 or 1.5:1

180
Q

CD4 to CD8 ratio in AIDS

181
Q

Stage 1 AIDS criteria

A

CD4 ≥29%, ≥500 cells/µL, No AIDS-defining condition

182
Q

Stage 2 AIDS criteria

A

CD4 14-28%, 200-499 cells/µL, No AIDS-defining condition

183
Q

Stage 3 AIDS criteria

A

CD4 <14%, Observation of AIDS-defining condition with lab confirmation

184
Q

Function of gp160 in HIV

A

Precursor of envelope glycoprotein

185
Q

Function of gp120 in HIV

A

Outer envelope glycoprotein

186
Q

Function of gp41 in HIV

A

Transmembrane envelope glycoprotein

187
Q

Group-specific antigen (Gag gene) p24

A

Nucleocapsid core protein

188
Q

Polymerase (Pol gene) p51

A

Reverse transcriptase

189
Q

Polymerase (Pol gene) p32

190
Q

HIV Envelope (Env gene)

A

gp160, gp120, gp41

191
Q

HIV Group-specific antigen (Gag gene)

192
Q

HIV Polymerase (Pol gene)

193
Q

Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus shape under microscope

A

BULLET-shaped

194
Q

Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus reservoir

A

Dogs, cats, fox, coyotes, wolves, raccoons, bats, skunk

195
Q

Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus transmission

A

Saliva (animal bite)

196
Q

Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus rabies symptoms

A

tingling pain at exposure site, Furious type: Aggression, Dumb type: Lethargy and paralysis

197
Q

Gold standard for Rabies diagnosis

A

Direct Immunofluorescent Antibody (DFA) technique

198
Q

CDC method for Rabies diagnosis

A

RT-PCR for human antemortem and animal postmortem (not routinely used)

199
Q

Rabies histological feature

A

Seller’s stain for NEGRI bodies in CNS biopsy

Mycology and Virology (16 decks)

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