RNA

Question 1

3 ways DNA and RNA are alike?

Answer 1

1. nucleic acids 2. contain nucleotides 3. have sugar, phosphate group and 4 nitrogenous bases

Question 2

3 ways RNA and DNA different?

Answer 2

1. ribose sugar vs. deoxyribose, 2. 1 strand vr. 2 strands, 3. uracil vr. thymine bases

Question 3

main role of RNA?

Answer 3

make proteins

Question 4

3 types of RNA and their functions?

Answer 4

1. messenger RNA- gets a copy from the DNA and carries it to the ribosomes. 2. ribosomal RNA - makes up part of the ribosomes, actually helps gel the ribosomal proteins together, that make up a ribosome. 3. transfer RNA - carries the the amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes to make polypeptide chains via the instructions from the mRNA.

Question 5

transcription?

Answer 5

the process of copying the base sequence from one of the DNA strands to mRNA strand. This is done in the nucleus with the help of enzymes (DNA polymerase RNA polymerase)

Question 6

RNA polymerase? function?

Answer 6

enzyme that helps create the mRNA strand by 1. binding to DNA, 2, help unzip the 2 DNA strands, 3. using 1 DNA strand as a template to copy its bases

Question 7

promoters? function?

Answer 7

region of the DNA where enzymes will bind for “starting” or “stopping” transcription

Question 8

introns and exons?

Answer 8

introns- part of mRNA that is editted out. exons the remaining parts of mRNA that are spliced and used.

Question 9

polypeptide?

Answer 9

a string of amino acids bound together to make a protein.

Question 10

About how many amino acids are in a polypeptide?

Answer 10

20

Question 11

How many bases are in each amino acid?

Answer 11

3, codon

Question 12

How many amino acids are there out there?

Answer 12

64

Question 13

translation?

Answer 13

process where mRNA bases get translated into a string of 3 base codons (about 20 codons strung together) to form 20 amino acids (equivalent to 1 polypeptide). Thus, forming proteins! All inside the ribosomes

Question 14

What types of RNA are engaged in translation?

Answer 14

all

Question 15

What is the command of the “AUG” base codon translation

Answer 15

Start coding!

Question 16

what is molecular biology?

Answer 16

study of genes, DNA, enzymes RNA

Question 17

What are ribosomes made up of?

Answer 17

about 80 proteins and 4 rRNA

Question 18

rRNA holds what in place?

Answer 18

the 80 proteins that make up a ribosome

Question 19

What holds the amino acids in place in a polypeptide?

Answer 19

covenant bonds via hydrogen

Question 20

operon?

Answer 20

group of genes that are regulated together. Example: it takes 3 specific genes to be turned on in order for e coli to burn sugar

Question 21

How do prokaryotes know when to turn a gene on and off?

Answer 21

operon genes have regions on them where DNA and RNA can bind

Question 22

What are the 2 regions where DNA/RNA can bind on operons of a prokaryote?

Answer 22

oporator- to stop transcription

promoter- to start transcription

Question 23

Whats the key region in eukaryotes to turn genes on and off?

Answer 23

tata box. codes often start with tatatata bases to comand transcription.

Question 24

transcription factors? function?

Answer 24

they are proteins. control the on and off button for genes by binding mRNA to the tata box on DNA

Question 25

Can transcription factors activate many genes at once?

Answer 25

yes? they can unlock a lot of chromatin sphincters.

Question 26

differentiation?

Answer 26

different gene groups that allow for specialized tissues to form

Question 27

difference between homeotic genes, homeobox genes, hox genes?

Answer 27

homeotic genes - master control genes for differentiation, homeobox - 180 base sequence unique to each special organ group, hox genes - clusters of genes side by side in an embryo indicating specialized body parts

Question 28

epigenetics

Answer 28

unlocks the chromatin sphincter for gene activation on the tata boxes of DNA by using chemicals instead of just transcription factors. -CO-CH3