Cellular Respiration Flashcards
a unit of energy from food is called?
a calorie
What does 1 unit of calorie do?
it raises 1 gram of water 1 degree centigrade
upper case “C” stands for
1000 calories = C =kilocalorie
What releases more energy when burned: fat, protein, carb.
fat 9C per gram of fat, vs. 4 C per gram of proteins/carbs
Do all calories break down in our bodies as heat energy?
God no!!! but some does. The rest is converted into chemical energy (cellular respiration).
Does cellular respiration require oxygen?
Yes!!!!!
What are the 2 reactants in cellular respiration?
oxygen and glucose
What are the 3 products in cellular respiration?
CO2, H20, ATP
Do cells receive all energy quickly from calories?
No. Just like plant cells, these cells have small tummies and can only take in so much at once.
What are the 3 stages for cellular respiration?
- glycolysis, 2. Krebs cycle, 3. electron transport
Only 10% of the energy (ATP) is captured from food in which stage?
glycolysis
where is the other 90% of energy stored for ATP during glycolysis?
in a molecule called pyruvic acid.
Most energy gets released to the cell in which stage?
electron transport stage
Why does the electron transport stage collect the most energy?
Thats where the oxygen is located.
Which 2 stages require oxygen
Krebs and electron transport.
Where do Krebs and electron transport take place?
mitochondrea
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
anaerobic means?
without air
in what stage does fermentation occur?
glycolysis (this stage doesn’t require oxygen)
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration opposites?
the products and reactants are the opposites
What are the 2 reactants in glycolysis?
- glucose, 2. carbon
What are the 3 products of glycolysis?
- 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (C3). 2. NADH. 3. 2 ATP molecules.
Does glycolysis require energy in order to start making energy?
yes. It borrows 2 ATP form the cell, then it makes 4 ATP which means there’s a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
What are 2 advantages of glycolysis?
- produces ATP faster than the other stages. 2. It doesn’t need oxygen to make ATP
What is NADH?
molecule that transports H+ions
Whats special about H+ ions?
They make a lot of ATP when mixed with oxygen.
What is glucose broken down into at the beginning of glycolysis?
C3 (pyruvic acid)
What’s needed to allow C3 to take all the stored energy into the Krebs stage?
oxygen!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
what’s the matrix?
the innermost chamber of the mitochondria and its where Krebs cycle starts.
What are the 4 products of Krebs?
- citric acid (C6). 2. CO2. 3. ATP. 4. NADH and FADH (electron carriers)
What happens to citric acid produced in Krebs?
releases carbon molecules to make CO2.
What happens to CO2 produced in Krebs?
we exhale it back into the atmosphere
What happens to the ATP produced in Krebs?
powers the cell immediately
What happens to the NADH produced in Krebs?
combines with oxygen and H+ion pairs to produce more ATP in final cycle
Where is the electron chain in prokaryote and eukaryote cells?
prokaryote - cell membrane
eukaryote - inner membrane of the mitochondria
A lot of pairs of H+ ions enter the inter membrane (not the matrix) of the mitochondria during the electron chain state, what happens because of this?
A charge is created that allows a group of proteins (ATP synthase) to spin, churning out ATP.
Where does the ATP synthase reside?
On the inner membrane, between the matrix and inter membrane.
How many molecules of ATP are created from 1 rotation of the ATP synthase?
1 spin = 1 molecule of ATP
What causes the spin?
the charge, forcing H+ ions to move from more dense inter membrane to the less dense matrix (inducing a spin)
without oxygen glycolysis can generate 2 ATP. How much ATP is typically generated with oxygen?
about 36 molecules of ATP (using Krebs, glycolysis and electron transport)
What % of a calorie in an organism is burned into heat? ATP?
heat - 64%, ATP - 36%
What must be available in order for glycolysis to produce ATP?
NAD+….because this is needed to carry the electrons.
What does fermentation do to help create ATP in glycolysis without oxygen.
creates a path for NADH to convert back to the needed NAD+ (so more electrons can come in and create energy)
2 types of fermentation?
- alcoholic. 2. lactic acid
Are the reactants the same for lactic and alcoholic fermentation? What are they (2)?
yes. 1. pyruvic acid (C3. 2. NADH
Are the products the same for lactic and alcoholic ferm.?
No. Lactic has 2 products: lactic acid and NAD+. Alcoholic has 3 product: alcohol, CO2 and NAD+
Which tissue n our bodies are best able to produce fermentation?
muscles
Which uses fermentation: sprints or long distance?
sprints. remember: glycolysis requires less time to produce energy (and you need it quick for a sprint) but it also doesn’t produce a lot (which you need for distance)
