bryophtes, tracheophytes, and gymnosperms

Question 1

most algae belong to protist or bacteria kingdoms but which algae belongs to plant kingdom?

Answer 1

GREEN algae, appearing only 500 million years ago (Cambrian Period).

Question 2

Name 4 characteristics that the original, ancient green algae plants have that make them unique from later forming plants?

Answer 2

1. single celled, 2. live in water, (not land forming like later plants) 3. have no specialized tissues (like later forming plant species) such as leaves, roots, 4. reproduce mainly asexually via mitosis - no gametes like later plants)… although they can reproduce sexually by making gametes (haploids) that fuse to create zygotes if necessary.

Question 3

What is spirogyra?

Answer 3

Its one of my favorite jazz bands but it is also a freshwater green algae. These single celled organisms hung out in colonies together and we think that is how multicellular plants came to form! Thank you spirogyra.

Question 4

What plant organism formed after GREEN algae?

Answer 4

Mosses and bryophytes

Question 5

what is a bryophyte? (vocab word)

Answer 5

first land plants to have reproductive organs that produce embryos. they are small and moss-like, found in DAMP soil

Question 6

why are bryophytes found only in damp soil?

Answer 6

they lack vascular tissues (deep roots) to draw up water

Question 7

what part of the bryophyte is a sporophyte (the 2N diploid that eventually creates spores via meiosis)?

Answer 7

the stalk and capsule at the top of the plant.

Question 8

what part of a bryophyte is a gametophyte (the N haploid) that forms eggs and sperm which eventually fuse sexually)?

Answer 8

green leaf and stem just above the ground

Question 9

which stage is dominant in a bryophyte, gametophyte or sporophyte?

Answer 9

gametophyte (as it is in most all plants - except algae) The gametophyte is the green part of the moss (stem and leaflike structures).

Question 10

where are the eggs produced in the gametophyte

Answer 10

an organ called the “archegonia” (vocab word)

Question 11

what happens in the “antheridia” (organ in the moss)

Answer 11

its where sperm are produced (and yes it is a vocab word too).

Question 12

so what happens to the zygote produced in the gametophyte of moss?

Answer 12

It gets encapsulated inside a capsule called a “sporangium” (vocab) where it grows into a sporophyte that eventually makes little baby haploid spores

Question 13

what happens to all the baby haploid spores after meiosis takes place in the sporangium?

Answer 13

they scatter all over the moss once the capsule bursts and the whole cycle starts all over again in the gigantic gametophyte (green part of the moss).

Question 14

What plant emerged after the bryophytes?

Answer 14

ferns (aka “tracheophytes”- vocab word)

Question 15

what did tracheophytes have that bryophytes didn’t

Answer 15

vascular tissues for sucking in nutrients and water

Question 16

how did plants look after evolving vascular tissues?

Answer 16

a lot bigger and taller

Question 17

what are tracheophytes named after?

Answer 17

“tracheids” (vocab word) These are hollow tubelike cells with thick cell walls strengthened by lignin that allow plants to grow TALL

Question 18

what is “xylem” (vocab word) and how is it relevant to plants?

Answer 18

its a tissue that the tracheids are in and it carries things upward like water and minerals for the plant.

Question 19

Besides xylem, plants have one other transport tissue. What is it?

Answer 19

phloem. It transports carbs and nutrients produced from photosynthesis.

Question 20

so again , what are the 2 tissues that enable a plant to gather nutrients even against the forces of gravity?

Answer 20

1. phloem (for nutrients form photosynthesis) and 2. xylem (for water and nutrients form the ground)… and this is why trees can get so tall.

Question 21

what type of plant evolved after the vascular plants?

Answer 21

seed plants

Question 22

most vascular plants are seed plants but name 1 common vascular plant that is not a seed plant?

Answer 22

ferns

Question 23

In both ferns and mosses the reproductive gametophytes are the large green parts of these plants. But, is a mandatory ingredient necessary for the eggs and sperm to fuse?

Answer 23

water. without water the sperm aint goin’ nowhere.

Question 24

Name 4 examples of seed plants?

Answer 24

acorns, peas, dandelions, pine nuts

Question 25

Does a seed have gametes, eggs or sperm?

Answer 25

no, it is itself an embryo (a diploid) surrounded by a shell that provides it with protection and nourishment

Question 26

What major adaptation did seed plants develop to help it survive better?

Answer 26

they were able to reproduce without needing WATER for the sperm to swim in (unlike mosses and ferns)

Question 27

Name 2 types of seed plants (one for cone bearing and the other for flowering)?

Answer 27

1. gymnosperms (which bear their seeds on cones) and 2. angiosperms (which bear their seeds within a layer of flower)

Question 28

How are seed bearing plants able to procreate without water?

Answer 28

The male gametophytes produce sperm in a pollen grain which is transported to the egg producing structure on the plant by wind or other organisms….pollination

Question 29

After pollination, where does the zygote grow in a seeded plant?

Answer 29

within the seed as an embryo (on cones or in the flower)

Question 30

What is the difference between pollen cones and seed cones (these are not flowering plants)?

Answer 30

cones produces carry the male gametophytes (sperm makers/pollen) and the seed cones are bigger, producing 2 ovules for making female gametophytes (egg makers)

Question 31

What are ovules?

Answer 31

2 structures at the base of a seed cone (where female gametophytes make a few eggs for the many pollen)