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Bio 189A > Review Questions for Midterm > Flashcards

Review Questions for Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

If the R group (side chain) of the amino acid alanine is CH3, while for serine is is CH2 OH, where would you expect to find these amino acids in a folded polypeptide surrounded by aqueous solution

A

alanine would be in the interior and serine would be on the exterior of the protein

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1
Q

What is an example of a true polymer?

A

Insulin ( peptide hormone)

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2
Q

A molecule with the formula C10H12N5O6P is probably a

A

nucleotide

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3
Q

Cellular membranes, including the plasma membrane, primarily consist of which two structural components

A

phospholipids and proteins

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4
Q

Which type of cell would not have cilia, but would have mitochondria, a complex cytoskeleton with microfilaments and a large number of lysosomes

A

animal macrophage ( white blood cell)

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5
Q

Hypotonic

A

lysed

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6
Q

Isotonic

A

normal

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7
Q

Hypertonic

A

shriveled

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8
Q

The solutions in the two arms of this U tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A contains solution of 2 M sucrose and 1M glucose. Side B contains 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed?

A

the water level is higher in side A than in side B

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9
Q

Which of the following statements is true about both steroid and peptide hormones?

A

they travel through the bloodstream

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10
Q

Which of the following hormones is a peptide hormone?

A

secretin

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11
Q

Which of the following hormones are correctly matched with its secreting endocrine gland

A

epinephrine…. adrenal gland

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12
Q

Which of the following best explains why the steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of target cells in the body?

A

only target cells contain aldosterone receptors

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13
Q

Which of the following reactions is involved in a catabolic pathway

A

sucrose> glucose+fructose

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14
Q

Which of the following are true statements about glycolysis

A

glycolysis would not be able to continue if NADH was not oxidized back to NAD+

substrate level phosphorylation is responsible for the net production of 2 ATP

the enzymes in glycolysis that oxidize glucose to pyruvate are very conserved

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15
Q

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells need a way to regenerate which compound to continue glycolysis

A

NAD+

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16
Q

Most of the ATP produced in aerobic cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

During which of the following stages of cellular respiration is most of CO2 produced/ released?

A

citric acid cycle

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18
Q

Which metabolic pathway is common in both cellular respiration and fermentation

A

glycolysis

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19
Q

Which of the following indicates a path by which electrons travel downhill energetically during aerobic respiration

A

glucose> NADH>electron transport chain> oxygen

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20
Q

During which stage of cellular respiration is NADH oxidized to NAD+

A

electron transport chain

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21
Q

Salivary and pancreatic amylases

A

breaks down starch and glycogen

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22
Q

Pepsin

A

protease that works well in the acidic environment of the stomach

23
Q

Pancreatic trypsin

A

protease that cleaves bonds adjacent to certain amino acids in the small intestine

24
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

breaks down triglycerides down to fatty acids and monoglycerides

25
Q

Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperature?

A

The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly.

26
Q

Which of the following statements about osmosis is correct?

A

The presence of aquaporins (proteins that form water channels in the membrane) should speed up the process of osmosis.

27
Q

The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that

A

pinocytosis increases the surface area of the plasma membrane, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis decreases the plasma membrane surface area.

28
Q

Which of the following is characterized by a cell releasing a signal molecule into the environment, followed by a number of cells in the immediate vicinity responding?

A

paracrine signaling

29
Q

The mechanism by which testosterone alters cell function is by

A

binding to a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes.

30
Q

Hormones are __________.

A

chemical signals between cells, transported in blood or hemolymph

31
Q

During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced partly by the actions of oxytocin. This is an example of

A

a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop.

32
Q

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the

A

hypothalamus

33
Q

Energy is observed in two basic forms: potential and kinetic. Which of the following correctly matches these forms with a source of energy?

A

the covalent bonds of a sugar molecule: potential energy

34
Q

For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.

35
Q

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

A

anabolic reactions

36
Q

Which of the following is NOT a way in which an enzyme can speed up the reaction that it catalyzes?

A

The active site can provide heat from the environment that raises the energy content of the substrate.

37
Q

The ΔG
for a particular enzyme-catalyzed reaction is -20 kcal/mol. If the amount of enzyme in the reaction is doubled, what will be the ΔG
for the new reaction?

A

-20 kcal/mol

38
Q

Some of the drugs used to treat HIV patients are competitive inhibitors of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. Unfortunately, the high mutation rate of HIV means that the virus rapidly acquires mutations with amino acid changes that make them resistant to these competitive inhibitors. Where in the reverse transcriptase enzyme would such amino acid changes most likely occur in drug-resistant viruses?

A

in or near the active site

39
Q

When you have a severe fever, what grave consequence may occur if the fever is not controlled?

A

change in the tertiary structure of your enzymes

40
Q

A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X → Y → Z → A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme.

A

a substrate

41
Q

Which of the following describes the process of glycolysis?

A

It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell.

42
Q

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?

A

Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis.

43
Q

A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but together these two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. What happened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose?

A

It is stored in NADH and FADH2

43
Q

What fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the reactions of the citric acid cycle, if glucose is the sole energy source?

A

2/3

44
Q

Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle (see the figure)?

A

3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2

45
Q

Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP is correct?

A

The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane.

46
Q

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

60-64

47
Q

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

48
Q

In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by

A

reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

49
Q

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

A

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

50
Q

Which enzyme has high activity in acidic environments?

A

pepsin

50
Q

The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the

A

most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

51
Q

The richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is

A

fat in adipose tissue.

52
Q

A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?

A

liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat

Bio 189A (16 decks)

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