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Bio 189A > Chapter 2 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

required by an organism in only minute qualities

A

Trace elements

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2
Q

smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

A

Atom

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3
Q

where protons and neutrons are packed tightly together

A

Atomic Nucleus

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4
Q

number of protons

A

Atomic Number

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5
Q

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

A

Mass Number

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6
Q

different atomic forms of the same element

A

Isotopes

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7
Q

Which is the most common isotope?

A

carbon-12

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8
Q

loss of subatomic particles

A

Decay

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9
Q

C-12 and C-13 are _____ isotopes?

A

stable

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10
Q

one in which the nucleus decays simultaneously, giving off particles and energy

A

Radioactive Isotope

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11
Q

change in the number of protons, it transforms the atom to an atom of a different element

A

What happens when radioactive decay occurs?

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12
Q

Radioactive tracers are…

A

important diagnostic tools in medicine

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13
Q

Only _________ are involved in the chemical reactions between atoms

A

electrons

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14
Q

the capacity to cause change by doing work

A

Energy

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15
Q

the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

A

Potential Energy

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16
Q

The third electron has the least or most energy?

A

most

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17
Q

electrons on the outermost shell

A

Valence Electrons

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18
Q

outermost electron shell

A

Valence Shell

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19
Q

Elements with full valence shells are chemically….

A

unreactive

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20
Q

What are the elements with full valence shells?

A

helium
neon
argon

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21
Q

What are the strongest kinds of covalent bonds?

A

Ionic covalent
Sigma covalent

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22
Q

the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

A

Covalent Bond

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23
Q

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

A

Molecule

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24
Q

when atoms share two pairs of valence electrons

A

Double Bond

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25
Q

a combination of two or more different elements

A

Compound

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26
Q

the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

A

Electronegativity

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27
Q

a covalent bond between two atoms of the same element, the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same electronegativity

A

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

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28
Q

when atoms of the same element are bonded to a more electronegative atom, the electrons of the bond are not shared equally

A

Polar Covalent Bond

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29
Q

______ is one of the most electronegative elements

A

oxygen

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30
Q

two resulting oppositely charged atoms or molecules

A

Ions

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31
Q

when cations and anions attract each other

A

Ionic Bond

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32
Q

________ and ___________ interactions are crucial to life

A

hydrogen and vanderwaals

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33
Q

noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom

A

Hydrogen Bond

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34
Q

In living things, electronegative partners are usually…..

A

oxygen and nitrogen atoms

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35
Q

ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another

A

Van der Waals Interaction

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36
Q

A molecule consisting of two atoms is always ….

A

linear

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37
Q

A water molecule is shaped like a

A

V

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38
Q

A methane molecule has a geometric shape of a

A

tetrahedron

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39
Q

it determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specificality

A

Why is molecular shape crucial to biology?

40
Q

the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter

A

Chemical Reactions

41
Q

Matter is conserved in a chemical reaction

A

reactions cannot create or destroy atoms but can only rearrange the electrons among them

42
Q

cohesive behavior
ability to moderate temperature
expansion upon freezing
versatility as a solvent

A

Four Emergent Properties of Water

43
Q

Cohesion

A

the hydrogen bonds that hold water together

44
Q

the clinging of one substance to another

A

Adhesion

45
Q

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

A

Surface Tension

46
Q

The specific heat of water is measured in

A

1 calorie per degree celsius
( 1 cal/g C)

47
Q

PH decreases as __ increases

A

H+

48
Q

Basic solutions are above…

A

7

49
Q

Most biological fluids are between

A

6 and 8

50
Q

Elements most essential to life

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

51
Q

the average mass number of all isotopes of a given element

A

Atomic Mass

52
Q

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the number of ________ in its outermost shell

A

electrons

53
Q

the bonding capacity of an atom

A

Valence

54
Q

An _______ force holds atoms together within a molecule

A

intramolecular

55
Q

An _____ force exists between different molecules

A

intermolecular

56
Q

bond that holds the O and H atoms within a water molecule

A

polar covalent

57
Q

bond thats found between the partial charges of different water molecules

A

hydrogen bond

58
Q

The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to __ electrons

A

2

59
Q

Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?

A

the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons

60
Q

What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?

A

the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

61
Q

Prokaryotic cells are found in the domains

A

bacteria and archaea

62
Q

A human is classified in domain_____ and kingdom______

A

eukarya
animalia

63
Q

A rose bush is classified in the domain _____ and kingdom _____

A

eukarya
plantae

64
Q

Which domain includes unicellular organisms?

A

archaea

65
Q

Fungi are classified into which domain

A

Eukarya

66
Q

There is ___ eukaryotic domain

A

one

67
Q

The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule

A

polar

68
Q

The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its

A

electronegativity

69
Q

In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and the hydrogens?

A

polar covalent

70
Q

Which one of these bonds is the weakest?

A

d- the hydrogen bond

71
Q

Mass of 1 amu

A

neutron
proton

72
Q

Mass 1/2000 amu

A

electron

73
Q

Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by oceans a cause for concern?

A

More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid which leads to a decrease in the concentration of a carbonate ion

74
Q

The number of protons in an uncharged atom

A

equals the number of electrons

75
Q

Isotopes of an element will always differ in

A

atomic mass

76
Q

A covalent bond will be polar if

A

one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative

77
Q

Hydrophillic substances, but not hydrophobic substances

A

have charges or partial charges to which water molecules can adhere

78
Q

Ionic bonds form as a result of

A

attraction between ions that have opposite charges

79
Q

Which of the following has a negligible mass?

A

electron

80
Q

How many electrons would be present in the valence shell of a sulfur atom ( atomic number 16, mass number 32)

A

six electrons

81
Q

A solution of pH 6 contains _______ than the same amount of solution at pH 8

A

100 times more H+

82
Q

An atom that normally has _______ in its outer shell would not form chemical bonds with other atoms

A

eight electrons

83
Q

Sweat has a cooling effect because of water’s high

A

heat of vaporization

84
Q

There are ______ naturally occurring elements

A

92

85
Q

An acid is

A

a substance that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

86
Q

Which of the following is a trace element?

A

copper

87
Q

This depicts

A

A covalent bond

88
Q

Bonds between hydrogen and oxygen are called

A

polar covalent bonds

89
Q

A water molecule is…

A

polar

90
Q

Water molecules attached to each other are bonded by

A

hydrogen bonds

91
Q

Each water molecule can attach to ____ other water molecules

A

four

92
Q

high capacity to store heat
high boiling heat
surface tension

A

Characteristics of water

93
Q

pH scale expresses…

A

the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

94
Q

an _____ is any substance that increases the hydrogen ion ( H+) concentration of a solution

A

acid

95
Q

a ____ is any substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration

A

base

Bio 189A (16 decks)

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