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Bio 189A > Chapter 6 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions taking place in a living cell

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2
Q

Products of cellular respiration are almost always

A

CO2+ Water

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3
Q

Catabolic Pathways is a _________ process

A

degradative

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4
Q

Anabolic Pathways is a _______ process

A

synthesis process

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5
Q

In catabolic pathways energy is

A

released

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6
Q

In anabolic pathways energy is

A

absorbed

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7
Q

In catabolic pathways bonds are

A

broken
ex: cellular respiration

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8
Q

In anabolic pathways bonds are

A

formed

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9
Q

True or False: Anabolic pathways usually involve hydrolysis reactions, while catabolic pathways typically include dehydration reactions

A

false: anabolic pathways usually involve dehydration reactions, while catabolic pathways typically include hydrolysis reactions

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10
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to cause change, some forms can be used to do work

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11
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy of motion
ex: thermal heat, light energy

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12
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy that is stored
ex: chemical bonds

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13
Q

Thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformations

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14
Q

Closed System

A

a system that is isolated from surroundings

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15
Q

Isolated vessel closed to the environment
-does not allow for exchange of matter or energy between the environment and the system
-eventually equilibrium will be reached

A

Example of a closed system

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16
Q

Open System

A

a system that exchanges matter and energy with surroundings

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17
Q

Cells and the ecosystem allows for exchange of matter and energy between the environment and the system

A

Example of an open system

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18
Q

Are living things considered to be open systems or closed systems?

A

open systems

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19
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics: Principle of Conservation of Energy

A

the energy of the universe is constant. It can be transferred/transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

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20
Q

Example of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

consumption of food
chemical energy in food becomes kinetic energy for us

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21
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Natural processes tend to move forward toward the state of greater disorder

A

natural processes tend to move toward the state of greater disorder or randomness

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22
Q

Example of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

movement increases disorder around the body by the release of heat and by-products of metabolism

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23
Q

Gravitational Motion

A

objects move spontaneously from a higher altitude to a lower one

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24
Q

Diffusion

A

molecules in a drop of dye diffuse until they are randomly dispersed

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25
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

in a cell, a sugar molecule is broken down into simpler molecules

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26
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

amount of energy available for work when temperature is uniform throughout the system

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27
Q

In a spontaneous change

A

the free energy of the system decreases
the system becomes more stable
the released free energy can be harnessed to do work

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28
Q

_____ free energy means ____ stable which means _______ work capacity

A

more free energy means less stable which means greater work capacity

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29
Q

____ free energy means ____ stable which means ____ work capacity

A

less free energy means more stable which means less work capacity

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30
Q

True or False: in an isolated system, spontaneous reactions increase entropy

A

true

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31
Q

Is energy required for exergonic “downhill” reactions?

A

no

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32
Q

Is energy required for endergonic “uphill” reactions?

A

yes

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33
Q

Are exergonic reactions spontaneous?

A

yes

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34
Q

Are endergonic reactions spontaneous?

A

no

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35
Q

Is free energy released or added in exergonic reactions?

A

released

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36
Q

Is free energy released or added in endergonic reactions?

A

added

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37
Q

Is the free energy change positive or negative in exergonic reactions?

A

negative free energy change

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38
Q

Is the free energy change positive or negative in endergonic reactions?

A

positive free energy change

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39
Q

Are exergonic reactions catabolic or anabolic?

A

catabolic

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40
Q

Are endergonic reactions catabolic or anabolic?

A

anabolic

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41
Q

Energy Coupling

A

occurs when energy produced from an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction

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42
Q

True or False: Sodium Potassium pumps use the energy derived from exergonic ATP hydrolysis to pump sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane

A

true

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43
Q

The structure of ATP is similar to the structure of a

A

RNA molecule

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44
Q

ATP structure has how many phosphate groups?

A

3

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45
Q

The bonds in ATP are relatively unstable due to the negative charges of the

A

phosphate groups

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46
Q

Name each group present in this image

A

Triphosphate group
Ribose
Adenine

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47
Q

What are the three types of cellular work driven by the hydrolysis of ATP

A

chemical work
mechanical work
transport work

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48
Q

Chemical Work

A

reaction that requires energy coupling

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49
Q

Mechanical Work

A

membrane protein changes shape and actively transports solute

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50
Q

Transport Work

A

motor protein changes shape and moves with vesicle

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51
Q
A

Chemical Work

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52
Q
A

Mechanical Work

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53
Q
A

Transport Work

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54
Q

Metabolic reactions require catalysts which ________ the rate of a reaction

A

increase

55
Q

Catalysts provide an energy boost to reactions by lowering the Ea aka

A

activation energy

56
Q

Enzymes are proteins that bind to a specific

A

substrate

57
Q

Specificity is determined by

A

enzyme’s conformation

58
Q

Active Site

A

region of enzyme that binds to substrate

59
Q

Induced Fit

A

substrate binding induces a change in the active site of the enzyme, leading to a tight binding of the substrate

60
Q

True or False: the enzyme is consumed and degraded during the reaction

A

false

61
Q

Steps of Enzyme- Substrate Interaction

A
  1. substrate enters active site
  2. substrates are held in active site by strong interactions such as hydrogen and ionic bonds
  3. active site can speed up the reactions by lowering Ea
  4. substrates are converted to products
  5. products are released
  6. active site is available for new substrate molecules
62
Q

What affects enzyme activity?

A
  1. temperature
  2. pH
  3. relative connections of enzyme and substrate
  4. presence of inhibitors and/or activators
63
Q

True or False: as seen in the example to the right, bacteria living in a hot spring have enzymes that can perform best at 24 degrees celcius?

A

true

64
Q

Normal Binding

A

substrate binds to active site

65
Q

Types of Inhibition

A

irreversible inhibition
competitive inhibition
noncompetitive inhibition

66
Q

Irreversible Inhibition

A

inhibitor binds active site and forms strong covalent bonds

67
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

inhibitor mimics shape of substrate and competes with substrate for binding to active site

68
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

inhibitor binds to enzyme away from the active site altering the shape of the active site

69
Q

True or False: Non-competitive inhibitors can be out competed by increased substrate

A

false

70
Q

A series of reactions can be called a

A

metabolic pathway

71
Q

A common mode of control for metabolic pathways catalyzed by enzymes is called

A

feedback inhibition

72
Q

The inhibitor is typically the final product of

A

the biochemical pathway

73
Q

True or False: feedback inhibition prevents the cell from making more products than is necessary, and thus wasting resources

A

true

74
Q

Enzymes can be regulated allosterically when they have a _________________ level of protein structure

A

quaternary structure

75
Q

Allosteric activators stabilize the ______ form

A

active

76
Q

Allosteric inhibitors stabilize the

A

inactive form

77
Q

Homotropic Regulation

A

specialized kind of allosteric activation, where the substrate acts as the activator

78
Q

when we build new biological molecules from pieces, we have to fuse those pieces together with energy

when we break molecules down into their components, the energy stored in the bonds is released

A

metabolism

79
Q

the energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called

A

Activation Energy

80
Q

Enzymes DON’T
Enzymes DO

A

they don’t add energy to reactions
they do speed up reactions by lowering the energy barrier

81
Q

Induced Fit

A

active site changes shape even more to fit the substrate better

82
Q

Active site enzymes can either _______ or _________ the substrate; resulting in a _______

A

active site enzymes can either build up or breakdown the substrate; resulting in a product

83
Q

With the enzyme, lactase, _______ can be broken down faster

A

lactose

84
Q

Those who are lactose intolerant can’t produce enough _______ to breakdown lactose

A

lactase

85
Q

Digestive System Enzymes

A

lipase
amylase
protease

86
Q

Lipase breaks down

A

lipids

87
Q

Amylase breaks down

A

starch/carbohydrates

88
Q

Protease breaks down

A

proteins

89
Q

Cofactors

A

typically metal ions such as iron that help the enzyme buildup or breakdown substrates into products

90
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic molecules like vitamins that help the enzyme build up or breakdown substrates into products

91
Q

If the environment changes out of an enzyme’s ideal pH or temp range, enzyme becomes

A

denatured; shape becomes distorted so it can no longer bind to the substrate

92
Q

Pepsin and trypsin

A

enzymes that breakdown proteins; action location for pepsin is the stomach and small intestine for trypsin

93
Q

Pepsin and trypsin break down

A

peptide bonds in proteins
pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides

94
Q

Nucleases

A

break down phosphodiester bonds and helps them break into nucleotides

95
Q

Enzyme substrate complex

A

when the substrate is bonded to the active site

96
Q

True or False: cofactors and coenzymes may be permanent or temporary which often depend on how they’re bonded

A

true

97
Q

DNA polymerase has ____ ion as a cofactor

A

zinc

98
Q

When a ______________ inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, the enzyme has a shape change. After this change, the enzyme might not work well enough or at all

A

non-competitive

99
Q

ACE inhibitors work on

A

high blood pressure by blocking angiotensin-converting enzymes

when inhibited, enzymes can’t convert angiotensin to angiotensin II

100
Q

Angiotensin II is involved with

A

raising blood pressyre

101
Q

Penicillin is an antibiotic, but it works by inhibiting the enzyme ______________ that prevents many types of bacteria from being able to build a cell wall

A

transpeptidase

102
Q

Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because __________.

A

their enzymes have high optimal temperatures

103
Q

What is true about the active site of an enzyme?

A

The active site may resemble a groove or pocket in the surface of a protein into which the substrate fits.

104
Q

What is a correct statement about the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways?

A

Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways.

105
Q

What is the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as ________ is to ________

A

exergoinc; endergonic

106
Q

What is a correct statement about enzyme function?

A

Enzymes can lower the activation energy of reactions, but they cannot change the equilibrium point because they cannot change the net energy output.

107
Q

What is changed in a reaction by the action of an enzyme?

A

the activation energy

108
Q

What is an example of an endergonic reaction?

A

glucose + fructose= sucrose

109
Q

What determines the sign of delta G for a reaction?

A

The free energy of the reactants and the free energy of the products

110
Q

The binding of an allosteric inhibitor to an enzyme causes the rate of product formation by the enzyme to decrease. What best explains why this decrease occurs?

A

the allosteric inhibitor causes a structural change in the enzyme that prevents the substrate from binding at the active site

111
Q

If the entropy of a living organism is decreasing, what is also occurring?

A

energy is being supplied to the organism

112
Q

In general, the hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work by __________.

A

releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reactions

113
Q

Metabolic pathways in cells are typically far from equilibrium. Which processes tends to keep these pathways away from equilibrium?

A

The continuous removal of the products of a pathway to be used in other reactions and the input of free energy from outside the pathway

114
Q

A chemical reaction is designated as exergonic rather than endergonic when __________.

A

the potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants

115
Q

The formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose is an endergonic reaction and would, therefore, be coupled to which of the following reactions or pathways?

A

The hydrolysis of ATP

116
Q

Which of the following metabolic processes can occur without a net influx of energy from some other process?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

117
Q

What do the sign and magnitude of the ΔG of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction?

A

Neither the sign nor the magnitude of ΔG has anything to do with the speed of a reaction.

118
Q

What is a true statement about enzyme inhibitors?

A

The action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible.

119
Q

Enzyme activity is affected by pH because __________.

A

high or low pH may disrupt hydrogen bonding or ionic interactions and thus change the shape of the enzyme’s active site

120
Q

What statement best characterizes the functional role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

A

The free energy released by ATP hydrolysis is coupled to endergonic processes via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate.

121
Q

Much of the suitability of ATP as an energy intermediary is related to the instability of the bonds between the phosphate groups. These bonds are unstable because __________.

A

the negatively charged phosphate groups vigorously repel one another and the terminal phosphate group is more stable in water than it is in ATP

122
Q

The process of stabilizing the structure of an enzyme in its active form by the binding of a molecule is an example of __________.

A

allosteric regulation

123
Q

Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because __________.

A

temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell

124
Q

You have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. At this point, the reaction has stopped completely.
What can you do to regain the activity of the enzyme?

A

The enzyme is inactive at this point. New enzyme must be added to regain enzyme activity.

125
Q

You have an enzymatic reaction proceeding at the optimum pH and optimum temperature. You add a competitive inhibitor to the reaction and notice that the reaction slows down.
What can you do to speed the reaction up again?

A

Add more substrate; it will outcompete the inhibitor and increase the reaction rate.

126
Q

There are three main types of cellular work: chemical, transport, and movement. Most of this work is powered by the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another in a process known as

A

phosphorylation

127
Q

Through energy coupling, cells use _______, or energy releasing, reactions to drive _______, or energy-requiring, reactions. The molecule ___ is the energy shuttle between these two types of reactions

A

exergonic
endergonic
ATP

128
Q

Mechanisms such as ________________ enable precise control over a cell’s __________ all of it’s chemical reactions

A

feedback inhibition
metabolism

129
Q

Consider a situation in which the enzyme is operating at optimum temperature and pH
, and has been saturated with substrate. What is your best option for increasing the rate of the reaction?

A

increase the enzyme concentration

130
Q

In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules?

A

proteins

131
Q

Enzymes work by

A

reducing Ea

132
Q

An enzyme

A

is an organic catalyst

133
Q

Three true statements about enzymes

A

reactants cannot convert to products without an initial input of energy to start the reaction
enzymes lower the overall energy input needed for a reaction to occur
by binding to reactant molecules, enzymes make it easier for the bonds in the molecules to break apart

Bio 189A (16 decks)

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