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Bio 189A > Chapter 10 Flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

scientific study of heredity and inherited variation

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1
Q

Heredity

A

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

-offspring is a clone, or genetically identical to the parent
-genetic recombination doesnt occur

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3
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

offspring has unique combinations of genes from two parents
-both gamete production and fertilization increase variation

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4
Q

Gene

A

section of DNA molecule that codes for one polypeptide

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5
Q

Locus

A

place on a chromosome where a gene is located

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6
Q

Genome

A

collection of all genes that belong to a single individual

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7
Q

True or False: each somatic cell of a multicellular organism contains this organism’s entire genome

A

true

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8
Q

Karyotype

A

display of all chromosomes from a somatic cell arranged as homologous pairs

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9
Q

Homologous pairs

A

two chromosomes with the same size, shape, and staining pattern

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10
Q

X and Y chromosome means

A

male

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11
Q

X and X chromosome means

A

female

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12
Q

cells with 46 chromosomes
23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
22 pairs of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes

A

Somatic Cells

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13
Q

Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

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14
Q

of sets of somatic cells?

A

2

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15
Q

Shorthand configuration for somatic cells

A

2n=46

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16
Q

egg and sperm cells with 23 chromosomes
produced by diploid germ cells in reproductive tissue that undergo meiosis

A

Gametes

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17
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid

A

haploid

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18
Q

of sets of Gametes

A

1

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19
Q

Shorthand configuration for Gametes

A

n=23

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20
Q

True or False: a normal male sperm has 22 pairs of autosomes, a X and Y chromosome

A

false

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21
Q

True or False: All autosomes in normal cells exist in homologous pairs

A

true

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22
Q

sexual life cycle typical of animals
all adults are diploid
gametes are produced via meiosis
a zygote is produced via fertilization

A

Diplontic Cycle

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23
Q

All adults are _________

A

diploid

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24
Q

sexual life cycle of plants and algae
alternating generations of adults are either haploid or diploid
meiosis produces haploid cells known as germ cells
gametophyte produces haploid gametes via mitosis

A

Alternation of Generations

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25
Q

Alternation of Generations is the sexual life cycle of

A

plants and algae

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26
Q

Alternating generations of plant and algae adults are

A

either haploid or diploid

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27
Q

Meiosis produces haploid cells known as

A

germ cells

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28
Q

Gametophyte produces haploid gametes via

A

mitosis

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29
Q

True or False: plants have both diploid and haploid stages that are multicellular

A

true

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30
Q

sexual life cycle of fungi and some protists
haploid adult produces haploid gametes via diploid

A

Haplontic Cycle

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31
Q

The haplontic cycle is the sexual life cycle of

A

fungi and some protists

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32
Q

True or False: the only diploid stage is a zygote

A

true

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33
Q

True or False: a human somatic cell has 23 sets of chromosomes

A

true

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34
Q

True or False: each homologous pair is composed of one chromosome from the maternal set and one chromosomes from the paternal set

A

true

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35
Q

Prophase 1 of Meiosis

A

chromosome condense
nuclear envelope fragments, spindle forms
homologous chromosomes pair in synapsis

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36
Q

During prophase 1, homologous chromosomes pair up in

A

synapsis

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37
Q

At the chiasma, homologous chromosomes overlap and exchange segments between _________ chromatids in a process called ____________

A

non-sister
crossing over

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38
Q

True or False: during prophase 1, genetic variation results from crossing-over between sister chromatids

A

false

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39
Q

What stage does crossing over take place in?

A

Prophase 1

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40
Q

Metaphase 1 of Meiosis

A

still in synapsis, each pair of duplicated homologous chromosomes or tetrad, lines up at the metaphase plate
-kinetochore microtubules attach to homologs at the centromere

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41
Q

True or False: each pair of homologous chromosomes line up independently of other pairs

A

true

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42
Q

Anaphase 1 of Meiosis

A

duplicated homologous chromosomes are separated to opposite poles of the cell

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43
Q

True or False: during anaphase 1, homologous chromosomes separate while sister chromatids remain attached

A

true

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44
Q

Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis of Meiosis

A

the result of two haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes

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45
Q

True or False: if a germ cell has 6 picograms of DNA at the end of interphase, each of the two cells following Telophase 1 and cytokinesis would also have 6 picograms of DNA

A

False

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46
Q

True or False: DNA replication happens before Meiosis 1, but not immediately before Meiosis 2

A

true

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47
Q

Description of Prophase 2

A

spindle formation

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48
Q

Description of Metaphase 2

A

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

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49
Q

Description of Anaphase 2

A

spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to the opposite poles

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50
Q

Description of Telophase 2

A

the result is four haploid cells with non-duplicated chromosomes

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51
Q

True or False: Meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis in that both separate sister chromatids

A

true

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52
Q

True or False: the number of chromosomes and the amount of DNA per chromosome does not change during Meiosis 2

A

false

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53
Q

First Contribution to Genetic Variation

A

Crossing Over

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54
Q

Crossing Over Produces

A

recombinant chromosomes, individual chromosomes that carry genes from two different parents

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55
Q

Second Contribution to Genetic Variation

A

independent assortment

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56
Q

When does Independent Assortment Take Place?

A

Metaphase 1 to Anaphase 1

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57
Q

Independent Assortment Description

A

random orientation of pairs of homologs along the metaphase plate

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58
Q

The formula for calculating the number of possible combinations is ______, where n is the haploid number, or number of pairs

A

2n

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59
Q

Random Fertilization

A

any sperm can fuse with any ovum, or unfertilized egg

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60
Q

True or False: in species that reproduce sexually, the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation

A

true

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61
Q

Mitosis: Parental Cells Divide to Become

A

somatic cells

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62
Q

Meiosis: parental cells divide to become

A

gametes

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63
Q

Mitosis can occur in which type of cells?

A

haploid and diploid cells

64
Q

Mitosis: DNA replication occurs during interphase

A

yes

65
Q

Meiosis: DNA replication occurs during interphase

A

yes

66
Q

Mitosis: Number of Divisions

A

1

67
Q

Meiosis: Number of Divisions

A

2

68
Q

Mitosis: does synapsis and crossing over occur?

A

no

69
Q

Meiosis: does synapsis and crossing over occur?

A

yes

70
Q

Mitosis: number of daughter cells

A

2

71
Q

Meiosis: number of daughter cells

A

4

72
Q

Mitosis: ploidy of daughter cells

A

diploid

73
Q

Meiosis: ploidy of daughter cells

A

haploid

74
Q

Mitosis: genetic composition to the parent cell is unique or identical

A

identical

75
Q

Meiosis: genetic composition to the parent cell is unique or identical

A

genetically unique

76
Q

Number of chromosomes before interphase

A

46

77
Q

Number of chromosomes after interphase

A

46

78
Q

Number of chromosomes after Meiosis 1

A

23

79
Q

Number of chromosomes after Meiosis 2

A

23

80
Q

Number of DNA molecules before interphase

A

46

81
Q

Number of DNA molecules after interphase

A

92

82
Q

Number of DNA molecules after Meiosis 1

A

46

83
Q

Number of DNA molecules after Meiosis 2

A

23

84
Q

In both males and females, gametogenesis generates _______ gametes via meiosis

A

haploid

85
Q

Production of sperm is termed

A

spermatogenesis

86
Q

In mature testes, stem cells undergo _________ to produce _________ spermatogonia

A

mitosis
diploid

87
Q

________ of spermatogonia produces the _______ primary spermatocytes

A

mitosis
diploid

88
Q

Meiosis 1 produces the ________ secondary spermatocytes

A

haploid

89
Q

Meiosis 2 produces four ________ early spermatids

A

haploid

90
Q

Cell differentiation results in 4 ________ sperm cells

A

haploid

91
Q

True or False: production of sperm is continuous in adult males

A

true

92
Q

Oogenesis

A

production of oocytes

93
Q

In the female embryo, the primordial germ cell divides by mitosis to produce _______ oogonium

A

diploid

94
Q

The oogonium divides by _______ to produce the primary oocyte. The primary oocyte is stopped in _________ of meiosis

A

mitosis
prophase 1

95
Q

Starting at puberty, ____ follicle fully matures each month. Unequal cytokinesis at the completion of meiosis 1 produces _____ polar body and ____ secondary oocyte

A

1
1
1

96
Q

The secondary oocyte is paused in ____________ of meiosis. The secondary oocyte is released during ______________

A

metaphase 2
ovulation

97
Q

After a sperm penetrates the egg, _________ is completed. Unequal cytokinesis produces ____ polar body and _____ mature egg containing a sperm head

A

meiosis 2
1
1

98
Q

________________ occurs when the haploid nuclei form the sperm and egg fuse

A

fertilization

99
Q

True or False: both spermatogenesis and oogenesis produce four mature gametes

A

false

100
Q

True or False: at birth, the ovaries contain 1-2 million primary oocytes, but only about 500 fully mature between puberty and menopause

A

true

101
Q

process that contributes to genetic diversity

A

Meiosis

102
Q

Interphase

A

happens before meiosis even starts
-growth
-replication of DNA
-cell functions

103
Q

Prophase 1

A

-comes before all of the other phases start
-chromosomes are condensing and thickening
-lining up with the homologous pairs

104
Q

Homologous

A

chromosomes are about the same size and they contain the same type of genes in the same locations; they are going to match up

105
Q

Metaphase 1

A

-the chromosomes are going to be in the middle of the cell
-NOT a single file line like in mitosis because the chromosomes are gonna be in pairs

106
Q

Anaphase 1

A

-the chromosomes are pulled away by the spindle fibers

107
Q

Telophase 1

A

-two newly formed nuclei is formed
-cytokinesis follows with splitting the cytoplasm

108
Q

Prophase 2

A

there are no homologous pairs and crossing over does not happen

109
Q

Metaphase 2

A

-chromosomes line up in the middle
-chromosomes are in a single file line

110
Q

Anaphase 2

A

-the chromatids are being pulled away by spindle fibers
-pulled to opposite sides of the cell

111
Q

Telophase 2

A

-nuclei form and the 2 cells divide again and 4 cells are formed
-cytokinesis happens and the cytoplasm is split

112
Q

when a cell can receieve too many or too few chromosomes in its separation

A

Nondisjunction

113
Q

A karyotype is a

A

photograph of all of an individual’s chromosomes

114
Q

What contributes to genetic variation in sexually reproducing species?

A

independent assortment, crossing over, random fertilization

115
Q

How many genes are present in the human genome?

A

ten of thousands

116
Q

How many different combinations of maternal and parental chromosomes can be packages i gametes made by an organism with a diploid number of 8 (2n=8)

A

16

117
Q

Homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell during

A

meiosis 1

118
Q

What is a locus?

A

the precise location of a gene on a chromosome

119
Q

What’s an example of a human cell that contains 46 chromosomes

A

liver cells

120
Q

In a diploid cell containing 10 chromosomes, meiosis results in the formation of daughter cells containing _______ chromosomes

A

5

121
Q

The egg ( ovum) of rabbit contains 22 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the somatic ( body) cells of a rabbit?

A

44

122
Q

Although energetically more costly than asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction leads to different combinations of alleles that could provide adaptability in a changing environment

A

Statement that best describes the advantage that sexual reproduction likely provides over asexual reproduction

123
Q

Crossing over occurs during

A

prophase 1

124
Q

What event occurs during prophase 1 of the first meiotic division?

A

synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs

125
Q

Synapsis occurs during

A

prophase 1

126
Q

Spores and gametes differ in that

A

gametes must fuse to form a zygote and continue development, but each spore can develop into a different independent multicellular organisms on its own

127
Q

In a male mammal, every germ cell that undergoes meiosis in the production of gametes gives rise to ______ sperm

A

four

128
Q

What occurs during anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite poles

129
Q

How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?

A

22

130
Q

Sister chromatids

A

are identical copies of each other formed during DNA synthesis

131
Q

Fertilization produces a

A

diploid zygote

132
Q

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and Y chromosome is a

A

sperm

133
Q

In sexually reproducing species, the chromosome number remains stable over time because _________ and __________ always alternate

A

meiosis
fertilization

134
Q

In a diploid set of chromosomes, one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes is derived from the father (paternal) and the other comes from the mother (maternal). If 2n = 6, what is the probability of obtaining a gamete in which all the chromosomes are paternal ones?

A

1/8

135
Q

Human somatic cells contain _____ set(s) of chromosomes and are therefore termed _________

A

two
diploid

136
Q

The synaptonemal complex

A

physically connects homologous chromosomes during prophase 1

137
Q

True or False: humans form gametes by a process called gametogenesis

A

true

138
Q

What role do germ cells play in gametogenesis

A

they produce cells that divide by mitosis and then undergo meiosis to form gametes

139
Q

What products are formed when a diploid cell undergoes meiosis

A

four haploid cells

140
Q

Beginning at puberty, a primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body approximately every month.

A

true statement about oogenesis in humans

141
Q

Which diploid cells are produced by an embryonic germ cell

A

spermatogonia

142
Q

True or False: The production of sperm begins at puberty when spermatogonia undergo meiosis I to form primary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis II to form secondary spermatocytes. These secondary spermatocytes go on to form spermatids, which mature into sperm cells.

A

false

143
Q

How does spermatogenesis differ from oogenesis

A

diploid cells give rise to four functional gametes in spermatogenesis

144
Q
A

correct model for metaphase 1 for a 2n=4 cell

145
Q

What is true about the human life cycle?

A

gametes are produced by meiosis

146
Q

Name 2 true statements about human gametes

A

-gametes contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
-both eggs and sperm contribute 23 chromosomes to the zygote

147
Q

Name the processes that contribute to heredity and genetic variation

A

crossing over
metaphase 2/anaphase 2
metaphase 1/ anaphase 1
DNA replication
fertilization

148
Q

Assume that an organism exists in which crossing over does not occur, but that all other processes associated with meiosis occur normally. Consider how the absence of crossing over would affect the outcome of meiosis.

A

there would be less genetic variation among gametes

149
Q

True or False: for crossing over to occur, homologous chromosomes must align precisely early in prophase 1 so that non-sister chromatids can exchange corresponding segments of DNA

A

true

150
Q

True or False: crossing over prevents homologous chromosomes from separating during meiosis 1

A

false

151
Q

True or false: as a result of crossing over, sister chromatids are no longer identical to each other

A

true

152
Q

True or False: crossing over occurs at the ends of chromosomes, rather than near the centromeres

A

false

153
Q

How does cellular DNA content and ploidy levels change during meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

A

DNA content is halved in both meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. Ploidy level changes from diploid to haploid in meiosis 1, and remains haploid in meiosis 2

154
Q

What is the ploidy of this cell model?

A

haploid ( one set)

155
Q

What is the ploidy of this cell model?

A

n=6

156
Q

What is the ploidy of this cell model?

A

triploid

157
Q

What is the ploidy of this cell model?

A

2n=6

158
Q

Which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms?

A

random fertilization
independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis
crossing over

Bio 189A (16 decks)

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